He Emptied Himself

Posted on December 26, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

“Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 2:5).

These words closely connect in thought with the previous verse: “Let each of you look out not only for his own interests, but also the interests of others” (Philippians 2:4). Christ is our pattern when it comes to being concerned for others. The mind-set of the true Christian is different from the masses of humanity who think only of themselves. Christ teaches us to be concerned for others.

“Who, being in the form of God …” (Philippians 2:6a).

Certain translations seem to leave the wrong impression. The New American Standard Bible reads, “Who, although he existed in the form of God …” The English Standard Version, “Who, though he was in the form of God …” Both make these words past tense. However, these words are not past tense but present tense. The King James Version and the New King James Version reads, “Who, being in the form of God …” The American Standard Version reads, “Who, existing in the form of God.”. Wayne Jackson writes, “‘Existing’ is a present tense participle. It denotes that Jesus is ‘in the form of God,’ i.e., He possesses the very nature of deity—prior to his incarnation, during that phase of his existence, and following it. He always was, is, and forever shall be God, i.e., deity in nature” (christiancourier.com). “The phrase ‘being (existing) in the form (morphe …) of God,’ carries with it two facts of the antecedent Godhood of Christ, previous to His incarnation, and the continuance of His Godhood at and after the event of His birth” (Vine’s).

“… did not consider it robbery to be equal with God” (Philippians 2:6b).

Translators have had difficulty with the term rendered “robbery”. The King James Version and the New King James Version render it “robbery”. The American Standard Version, The New American Standard Version, and the English Standard Version render it “a thing to be grasped”.

How is the word defined? Vine’s writes, “It may have two meanings, (a) in the active sense ‘the act of seizing, robbery,’ … (b) in the passive sense, ‘a thing held as a prize.’”

This leads to two reasonable interpretations. Vine’s records, “(1) with the active sense ‘robbery’ or ‘usurpation’ we get the following meaning: ‘Who because he was subsisting in the essential form of God, did not regard it as any usurpation that he was on an equality of glory and majesty with God …’ (2) The passive sense gives a different meaning to the passage: ‘Who though he was subsisting in the essential form of God, yet did not regard his being on equality of glory and majesty with God as a prize and a treasure to be held fast …” Wayne Jackson expresses these same thoughts saying, “It may mean that Christ at no time ever entertained the notion of seizing equal status from the Father, for that nature was already his. Or, it may suggest that the Lord’s equality with the Father was something that he chose not to selfishly ‘grasp,’ i.e., hold on to at all costs” (christiancourier.com).

The Jehovah Witnesses render this in their New World Translation, “who, although he was exiting in God’s form, gave no consideration to a seizure, namely, that he should be equal with God.” They interpret this verse to mean that Jesus was in the same form (external appearance – according to them) as God, but that he never thought of seizing equality with God. The problems with this view are: (a) Whatever “form” means in Philippians 2:6, it must also mean in Philippians 2:7. If Philippians 2:6 means that Christ had the external appearance of God, but not the essence or nature of God, then wouldn’t Philippians 2:7 teach that Christ had the external appearance of man, but that he never really was in essence man? (b) The tenses indicate that Christ continued to exist in the form of God. However, He certainly did not continue to have the external appearance of God, while on earth. (c) The New World translation has improperly rendered a present infinitive “should be”. (d) John 1:1 reads: In the beginning was the word, and the word was with God, and the word was God.” Ray Summers indicates, “When the article is used with a construction (as is the case with the first ‘God’ B.H.), the thing emphasized is ‘identity’. When the article is not used (as is the case with the second ‘God’ B.H.), the thing emphasized is quality of character” (Essentials of New Testament Greek). Jesus was not just in external appearance God. He was such in quality of character, that is, in essence. Note: The word ‘was’ in John 1:1 is ‘an imperfect tense from which asserts the continuous timeless existence’ (Wayne Jackson, Notes from the Margin of My Bible, vol. 2, p. 34.)

“But made himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of man. And being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross” (Philippians 2:7-8).

He “made himself of no reputation” (KJV, NKJV). He “emptied himself” (ASV, NASB). The original word is defined to mean “to empty, to make empty, … to make void i.e. deprive of force … to make void i.e. cause a thing to be seen as empty” (Thayer).

What was it that was given up in his incarnation? (1) He certainly emptied himself of heavenly glory (John 17:1-5). He was born in a stable. His first crib was a manger, a feeding trough for animals (Luke 2:7). Physically, there was no special beauty in his appearance (Isaiah 53:2). (2) He emptied himself of his divine power. (a) He had physical needs and limitations (see: Matthew 4:2; Mark 4:38; John 4:6-7; Luke 23:26; John 19:28). He suspended omnipotence. The miracles were done not by his might, but through the Holy Spirit (see: Matthew 12:28; Acts 10:38 cf. Luke 3:21-22). This is the same way the apostles and others were able to work miracles. (b) He had mental limitations (see: Mark 13:32). He suspended omniscience. The flawless message which he presented, came by inspiration of the Holy Spirit (Luke 4:18-19; Matthew 12:26-28; Acts 10:38; Acts 1:1-2). This is the same source from which the apostles and prophets received their message. (c) He was limited in space and time (Mark 1:36-38; John 11:6, 15, 21, 32). He suspended omnipresence.

“He humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross” (Philippians 2:8). He did this for mankind! Listen to 1 John 3:16: “By this we know love, because he laid down his life for us. And we ought also to lay down our lives for the brethren.”  It is in this sense, Paul instructs, “Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 2:5).

Summary of what Christ did for us:

A. Being in the form of God.

       1. Emptied himself.

       2. Took upon form of a servant.

        3. Came in likeness of man.

 B. Being found in the appearance of a man.

        1. Humbled himself.

        2. Became obedient to death.

        3. Even death of the cross.

“Therefore God also has highly exalted him …” (Philippians2:9).

In spite of Jesus’ humble life, and even death on the cross, he is now highly exalted. God exalted him because of his humble service.

Now meditate on these words: “Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he will lift you up” (James 4:10). “Therefore humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time” (1 Peter 5:6).

Posted in Example, Humility, Jehovah Witnesses, Jesus, Textual study, Word Study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

The Seven Churches of Asia (Liberal, Worldly Churches)

Posted on December 24, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

The letter, to each of the seven churches, begin, “To the angel of the church in __________” (Revelation 2:1; 2:8; 2:12; 2:18; 3:1; 3:7; 3:14).  The word “angel” means “messenger”.  The word is commonly used of heavenly messengers (Daniel 4:13, etc.).  It is also used of human messengers (2 Chronicles 36:15; Malachi 2:7; 3:1; Luke 7:24, etc.).  It may refer to the preacher.  It may refer to the eldership, collectively.  The language, possibly, is from the Jewish synagogues.  The chief speaker was called the angel (James Tolle, The Seven Churches of Asia, p. 23).

The message was to be read in the congregation.  “Blessed is he (singular, B.H.) who reads and those (plural, B.H.) who hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written in it…” (Revelaion 1:3).  The individual member is urged to pay attention.  “He (singular) who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches… (Revelaion 2:7; 2:11; 2:17; 2:29; 3:6; 3:13; 3:22).

As you read of these seven churches, which can be divided into three basic groups, think upon this church.  Which church is most like us?  Which group do we belong in: (1) The faithful; (2) The loveless, lifeless, and lukewarm; (3) The liberal, and worldly?

Pergamos (Revelation 2:12-17)

Also called Pergamum,  modern name: Bergama

About the city: The city was founded by Greek colonists some time before 300 B.C.  It was located about 60 miles northeast of Smyrna, and about 15 miles east of the Aegean Sea.  The city was built on terraces leading up the only accessible slope of the acropolis which rose 900 feet in height.  A small river, the Selinus, flowed through the city. A second river, the Cetius, flowed around the city walls.  In John’s day, the city was about 120,000 in population.  The city was the birthplace of Galen, the “father of anatomy” (though, he was not born until c. 130 A.D.).  A medical school existed in this city. This city was important in literary history.  Alexandria, Egypt had the largest and best-known library in the Greco-Roman world (About 900,000 books/scrolls).  Pergamos came to have the second largest library (about 200,000 books/scrolls).  Egypt became jealous when Pergamos started building up her library.  Ptolemy of Egypt prohibited the export of papyrus to Pergamos (Papyrus was made from the papyrus plant.  It grew and was produced in Egypt.  It was the common material to write on at the time.  Our word “paper” comes from “papyrus”).  Thus, Pergamos developed parchment as an alternative [The original word literally means “paper of Pergamos.”  Parchment is prepared animal skin used as paper.  Parchment usually refers to sheep and goat skin (Vellum to calf and antelope skin)].  The city became the parchment-making city of the Greco-Roman world.  Note: Marc Antony (of Rome) gave much of the library to Cleopatra (of Egypt) in the 30’s B.C.

Religiously: The city had temples to Zeus (chief Greek god), Dionysus (the god of wine), Athena (the goddess of wisdom), and Aeskelpios (the god of healing).  It’s temple to Zeus was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.  It’s temple to Aeskelpios contained pools with supposed healing power, and physicians who claimed to receive diagnosis by dreams and visions.  This god’s image was of him holding a serpent wrapped around a pole (an image which is still visible in the medical community).  Emperor worship was practiced.  Temples were built to Augustus, and later Trajan, and Severus.  A large Jewish community existed.

The message: (1) Jesus held a sharp two-edged sword (Revelation 2:12, 16 cf. 1:16; 19:1).  He could look into them as if they had been flayed (Hebrews 4:12-13).  He could also do battle (Revelation 2:12 cf. 2:16; 19:1).  (2) He knew their works (Revelation 2:13).  (3) He knew where they dwelt (Revelation 2:13).  He knew that they were surrounded by evil.  (4) He knew that they were holding fast to His name or His faith (Revelation 2:13).  They had not turned away, and denied Him even in difficult times. One brother, Antipas, had already suffered death due to his faithful witness.  (5) Good characteristics do not negate bad characteristics (Revelation 2:14 cf. 2:10; 2:4).  (6) Some held to the doctrine of Balaam [(Revelation 2:14 cf. Numbers 25:1-3).  Josephus indicates that Balaam crafted Israel`s temptation for Balak, in order to get God to destroy Israel, since he could not curse them (cf. Num 22-23). See Josephus Antiq. IV.102-ff)].  They had some practicing fornication and eating things sacrificed to idols.  (7) Some held to the doctrine of the Nicolatians (Revelation 2:14 cf. 2:6).  A doctrine which Jesus hated.  Clement of Alexandria said that they abandoned themselves to pleasure like goats in a life of shameless indulgence (The Miscellaines 2:20).   The point is they had tolerated sin within the church.  (8) They needed to repent or Jesus would be against them (Revelation 2:16 cf. 2:5; 3:3; 3:11).  (9) If they overcame, they would be given hidden manna to eat (Revelation 2:17).  “Hidden”, perhaps, refers to the fact that manna was placed in the side of the ark (Hebrews 9:4 cf. Ex. 16:33-34).  Jesus is the true “bread of life” (John 6). This likely means that they would receive Him.  (b) They would receive a white stone.  White stones were given for acquittal in court (Black stones for guilty vote cf. Acts 26:10 lit cast pebbles).  White stones were given to freed slaves.  White stones were given to winners of races.  Stones were often used as tickets to events.  A name would be on this stone (Revelation 2:17 cf. 3:12).  They would be provided a stone with God’s name on it, and the New Jerusalem.

Thyatira Revelation 2:18-29

Modern name: Ackisar

About the city: The city was inhabited before 300 B.C.  It was never a large city (today: 50,000 population).  The city was located 35 miles southeast of Pergamos, and 35 miles northwest of Sardis.  The city was surrounded by streams and wetlands (from which leeches were later gathered for medical use in Eastern Europe).  The area was covered in hardwood trees.  The dye industry was a major business in this town.  They especially were known for their purple (aka Turkish red) dye (cf. Lydia was a seller of purple from this very town, Acts 16:14).  Purple was the color of the rich and powerful (Jude 8:26; Daniel 5:7 ASV; Esther 8:15; Mark 15:17-18; Luke 16:19).  The most prized purple dye was extremely expensive.  It came from a small gland in the neck of a marine mollusk.  It took 8,000 mollusks to produce one gram of this dye.  A less-expensive purple came from an extract of the madder root (This was the dye of Thyatira).

Religiously:  Apollo (the sun-god) was worshipped, along with the typical list of pagan gods.  Trade guilds, or unions, were organized for the different crafts (dye makers, garment makers, tanners, potters, bakers, bronze workers, etc.).  These trade guilds were powerful.  They were also associated with pagan deities and pagan worship.  A sizeable Jewish population was located here.

The message: (1) Jesus is the Son of God (Revelation 2:18).  (2) He has eyes like a flame of fire (Revelation 2:18; cf. 1:14; 19:12; Daniel 10:6).  The reference may be to His awesomeness, or to the penetrating nature of His eyes (cf. 2:23).  (3) His feet are like fine brass (Revelation 2:18 cf. 1:15; Ezekiel 1:7; Daniel 10:6).  This may refer to His crushing ability, if He was to tread upon them.  (4) I know your works (Revelation 2:19).  Their love, service, faith, and patience had grown over time (Revelation 2:19).  They were going the opposite direction of Ephesus (cf. 2:4).  Notice that their love and faith are connected with work (cf. 1 Thessalonians 1:2-3, 8-10; James 2:17, 20, 26; 1 John 3:18). (5) Their good deeds didn’t negate their sin issues (Revelation 2:20 cf. 2:4; 2:14).  (6) They had tolerated sin, and false doctrine (Revelation 2:20-ff).  He mentioned “Jezebel”.  Ahab’s wife Jezebel influenced many to worship Baal and commit other sins (1 Kings 16:29-34; cf. 21:25; 19:1-4; 21:1-26).  They had a similar woman among them.  Many think that it is likely, that she had compromised with the trade guilds, and had urged others to do so.  She had committed fornication (spiritual, and perhaps literal).  She had taught members that it was okay to behave, and to eat things sacrificed to idols.  She claimed to be a prophetess.  (7) Not all had been corrupted by her (Revelation 2:24).  (8) Judgment was coming.  Jezebel was about to be cast into the sick-bed (Revelation 2:22).  Great tribulation was coming, if she and her followers did not repent (Revelation 2:22).  Death was coming to her spiritual offspring (Revelation 2:23).  (9) Those who overcame and kept His word, faithfully, unto the end would: (a) be given power over the nations (1 Corinthians 6:2 cf. Revelation 2:26-27; 22:5).  (b) be given the morning star (Revelation 2:28), that is – they would be given Jesus, Himself (cf. Revelation 22:16).

This concludes this series.  So, how are we doing? Which group is it in which we would be listed?

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The Seven Churches of Asia (Loveless, Lifeless, Lukewarm Churches)

Posted on December 22, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

Why seven churches?   Why these seven churches?  Foy Wallace, Jr. argued that there were only seven churches in Asia at this time.  True, the New Testament mentions others: Colossae (Colossians 1:2) and Hieropolis (Colossians 4:13).  However, Wallace points out: (1) A great earthquake in early 60`s A.D. destroyed these two cities and they were never rebuilt.  (2) The residents of these two cities resettled in nearby Laodicea (Foy Wallace, Jr., The Book of Revelation, pp. 35-36).

This argument may be correct, but it leaves a question unanswered.  What about Troas?  (1) Paul visited Troas on his second missionary journey (Acts 16:8, 11).  There is no evidence here of the church’s existence.  (2) He preached there on his third missionary journey (2 Corinthians 2:12-13).  He had an open door (2 Corinthians 2:12).  He left “them” and departed into Macedonia (2 Corinthians 2:13). This seems to suggest a church.  (3) He tarried seven days at Troas, and there the disciples assembled and partook of the Lord’s Supper (Acts 20:5-12).  This seems to suggest a church at Troas.  Though, it is possible that these are brethren from other places.  (4) Paul left his cloak with a man named Carpus in Troas (2 Timothy 4:13).  This happened sometime before his final arrest.  Paul visited the place at least four times.  He knew a man there by name.  It seems likely that the church existed at Troas.

It may be that there were more than seven churches in Asia.  If so, why specifically address these seven?  “These were seven historical churches occupying prominent places in Asia Minor.  It should be noted that while they are literal churches, the number seven is to be understood in a symbolic manner.  These congregations represent the church as a whole” (John Kackelman, Jr., Studies in the Book of Revelation, p. 19).  “They represent or typify the Lord’s church as a whole, their problems and conditions being representative of all the churches of Christ” (James Tolle, The Seven Churches of Asia, p. 19).

Let us continue our study: Today, Group Two: The loveless, lifeless, and lukewarm churches.  Would we be in this list?

Ephesus (Revelation 2:1-7)

Modern name: Selcuk

About the city: The name “Ephesus” means “desirable”.  It was founded in about 1100 B.C.  In Grecian times, it had been one of the three greatest seaports of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (The other two being Antioch, Syria and Alexandria, Egypt).  Silt which was carried by the river Cayster into the Gulf of Ephesus had diminished the importance of this city as a seaport.  The port was still operational in the 50’s A.D. (Acts 18:21; 20:16).  Even then silt was becoming a problem (Miletus had similar problems.  Smyrna became the key seaport of the area).  There was an effort to dredge the harbor in 65 A.D. This effort was abandoned due to cost (today, the city is separated from the gulf by over 16 miles).  Still, Ephesus remained the chief city of the province of Asia, and even all of Asia Minor.  Its first century population was between 250,000 and 330,000.   It was the capital of the Roman province of Asia.  It was a free city, allowed to govern its own affairs.  A great deal of banking was done in this city.  Silver crafting was big business (Acts 19:24-ff).  This city was wealthy.  A large middle class existed.  Homes commonly had running water, tiled flooring and marbled walls.  The city had a theater which seated about 25,000 (cf. Acts 19:21-41).  It had a marble road which led from the harbor to the theater, and to the “Temple of Diana” (Artemis), one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

Religiously: “The Temple of Diana” dominated the city.  Its dimensions were 425 ft. long x 240 ft. wide x 60 ft. high.  The platform stood at the top of a flight of 10 steps.  The temple was supported by 127 marble columns, each weighing 150 tons, having a diameter greater than 6 feet and standing 60 feet tall.  The temple was important to the local economy.  Each spring a festival was held in honor of Diana.  Athletic contests occurred.  Religious pilgrims from all over the Roman Empire came to this city (cf. Acts 19:27).  The city profited by housing and feeding these pilgrims.  Merchants sold miniature bronze and silver replicas of Diana (cf. Acts 19:24-ff).  Prostitution seems to have been associated with the worship of Diana.  Diana was the supposed goddess of fertility.  Her image was of a multi-breasted woman.  Her image located in the center of the temple was supposedly an image which fell out of heaven [(cf. Acts 19:35) some suggest the image was fashioned from a meteorite.  An image at Tarsus was so fashioned of Diana].  There were other temples there for other pagan gods, and emperors.  Moreover, there was a Jewish synagogue (cf. Acts 19:8; also mentioned by Joseph in Antiquities XIV, 10, 23).  The Jews, apparently, wanted all to know that they did not oppose Diana (cf. Acts 19:32-ff).

The church: This church had wonderful opportunities: (1) Paul made a brief stop in the city on his second missionary journey (Acts 18:18-21) (2) He visited, again, on his third missionary journey (Acts 19:1-20:1).  He stayed for over two years (Acts 19:8-10, cf. 19:13 “then”, cf. 20:31).  (3) He had a meeting in Miletus with the elders of Ephesus (Acts 20:17-38).  (4) Timothy worked with this church for a period of time (1 Tim. 1:3).  (5) An epistle was written to them (Ephesians 1:1).  (6) An open letter was addressed to them (Revelation 2:1-7).  (6) They had the company of good brethren: (a) Aquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:24-28; 1 Corinthians 16:19); (b) Apollos (Acts 18:24-28); (c) Tradition says that John lived in Ephesus, and worshipped with the brethren there the last years of his life, urging them “little children, love one another.”

The message: (1) Jesus was not distant.  He was among them (Revelation 2:2 cf. 1:20).  He knew their works (Revelation 2:2).  This was pointed out to all seven churches (Rev. 2:2; 2:9; 2:13; 2:19; 3:1; 3:8; 3:15).  (2) They had done, and were doing many good things: (a) They were laborers.  Jesus said, “I know… your labor… you… have labored for My name’s sake” (Revelation 2:2, 3).  The word “labor” (NKJV) or “toil” (ESV) is more intense than the term “work”.  The word has to do with painstakingly, difficult work; work done at great effort; “Arduous, sweat-producing labor: (Coffman, Commentary on Revelation, p. 43).  (b) They were patient.  Jesus said, “I know… your patience… you have persevered and have patience” (Revelation 2:2, 3).   The ESV renders this “patient endurance.”  They did not run hot and cold.  They were not hit and miss.  Christianity for them was a consistent way of life.  They had not “become weary” (Revelation 2:3).  (c) They were serious about doctrine.  They were not gullible, but tested those who claimed to be apostles (Revelation 2:2 cf. 2 Corinthians 11:13; 1 Thessalonians 5:21-22; Acts 17:11; 1 John 4:1).  They, like the Lord, hated “the deeds of the Nicolaitans” (Revelation 2:6 cf. 2:15).  Ray Summers, “From the relationship to those who held the doctrine of Balaam (2:14-15), their evil appears to have been the promotion of some form of antinomianism” (Worthy is the Lamb, p. 110).  The Nicolaitans seems to have been Gnostic (Zondervan’s Pictorial Dictionary).  (d) They were not tolerant of evil.  Jesus said, “You cannot bear those who are evil” (Rev. 2:2).  (3) They also had a problem.  Jesus said, “Nevertheless I have this against you, that you have left your first love” (Revelation 2:4).  Does this refer to the love which they first had for Christ?  (Note: The word “first” in the original has to do with time, not comparative degree).  Were they ritualistically doing things correctly, but without the genuine love that they should’ve had?  Service without love does not impress Him (Matthew 15:8; 22:36-37).  Does this refer to their love one for another, which they once had?  Service without such love profits nothing (1 Corinthians 13:1-ff).  (4) If they didn’t repent, they would cease to be His church (Revelation 2:5 cf. 1:20).  (5) If they overcame, they’d have access to the tree of Life (Genesis 2:9; 3:22-24; Revelation 2:7 cf. 22:2; 22:14).

Sardis (Revelation 3:1-6)

Modern name: Sart near Salihi.

About the city: The city was very ancient.  It had served as the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia.  It’s referred to by the name “Hyde” (an ancient name of the city) in the Iliad.  The city was located about 45 miles inland, to the east of Smyrna, and 30 miles southeast of Thyatira.  The name Sardis is plural.  There was an upper city, and a lower city.  Upper Sardis was renowned for its natural defensive position.  The upper city, sat on a spur which came out of the northern slope of Mount Tmolus.  It was flanked on three sides by high cliff walls (which rose 1,500 feet above the valley).  The River Pactolus flowed near the base of the cliff walls like a moat.  Triple walls protected the side without natural defense.  Lower Sardis was positioned in the valley below.  The city’s wealth originally came from gold.  This gold came from the River Pactolus.  Its sands were said to be golden.  Such was ancient history by John’s day.  Historians believe that it was in this city the first modern coins were minted [Monetary exchange had existed for a long time before (Genesis 33:19; Exodus 38:26; Joshua 24:32; Job 42:11)].

They manufactured electrum (a metal alloy of gold, silver, and trace amounts of copper and other metals).  They also produced a purple dye.  In 17 A.D., the city was destroyed by an earthquake.  Tiberius remitted their taxes, and helped rebuild.  The city never returned to its former importance.  Nothing but a small village remains.

Religiously: They took part in the usual pagan worship.  The worshipped Cybele, Artemus, and Zeus.  The temple of Artemis was 300 feet x 160 feet.  It stood on 78 columns each 58 feet high.  The largest synagogue ever excavated was found there [Josephus mentions a large Jewish community (Antiq. XIV. 259-261; XVI. 171)].  The synagogue measured 197 feet x 59 feet with a porch extended 131 feet.  Emperor worship was practiced.  Local hot springs were valued for their therapeutic properties.  This prompted the worship of Hades and Persephoneia, the god and goddess of the underworld.

The message: (1) Jesus knew their works (Revelation 3:1).  (2) They had a name that they were alive, but they were dead (Revelation 3:1).  What does this mean?  Evidently, they had a great reputation.  Perhaps, they had, in times past, done many good works.  Were they relying on past accomplishments?  Perhaps, they had a nice meeting place, and good numbers that brought much respect in the brotherhood.  However, Jesus’ diagnosis was that they were dead, or nearly so (Revelation 3:1-2).  (3) They were admonished to “watch” (Revelation 3:2).  This, they should have understood from their city’s history.  The location of the city led to over-confidence, and a lack of alertness.  Twice in history, the cliff walls had been scaled at night, and the city had been taken.  Cyrus (of Persia) captured the city in 546 B.C.  Antiochus III (of Syria) captured the city in 214 B.C.  They needed to strengthen that which was about to die (Revelation 3:2).  Their works were not perfect, or complete (Revelation 3:2).  Perhaps, they had started many good projects, but they had not followed through to complete the task.  Their works were hit and miss.    (5) They needed to remember back to when they obeyed the Gospel (Revelation 3:3 cf. 2:5).  It is good for all to remember the reason they obeyed, and the joy of their salvation.  They needed to “hold fast” to what they had and “repent” of their current situation.  (6) If they did not repent, he would come upon them unexpectedly in judgment (Revelation 3:3).  (7) If they did what they should: (a) White garments awaited (Revelation 3:5 cf. 4:4; 7:9; 13-14); (b) Their name would be in the book of life (Revelation 3:5 cf. 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27; Philippians 4:3).  Ancient cities kept a list of the names of the citizens.  Death, relocation, and banishment would remove one’s name.  A Christian’s name is written in heaven (cf. Luke 10:20).  We need to make sure that it is not removed from His Book of Life.  (c) Jesus would confess their name before the Father and angels (cf. Matthew 10:32). (8) There were still some among them who were undefiled (Revelaion 3:4 cf. 2:24-25).

 Laodicea (Rev. 3:14-22)

Modern name: Denizli

About the city: The city was founded in the mid-third century B.C. by Antiochus II (of Syria).  It was built as a military base.  It was named after Antiochus’ wife Laodike (who as a side note later poisoned him).  The Syrians populated this city with Syrians and with Jews from Babylon.  The city was located about 40 miles east of Ephesus, 40 miles southeast of Philadelphia,  11 miles west of Colossae, and 6 miles south of Hieropolis.  The city sat in the Lycus river valley with mountains to the north, and mountains to the south.  The city was extremely wealthy.  It was renowned for three things.  First, it was a great financial and banking center.  Second, there was a medical center located there which was especially known for its optical treatments.  A medical school existed there.  Drugs were manufactured there, and especially eye salve (called collyrium or Phrygian eye salve).  Aristotle mentions this salve.  Third, it was known for its high-grade black wool, and the production of garments.  An earthquake devastated the city in the early 60’s A.D.  Rome offered to help rebuild.  The city refused.  They were wealthy, and believed that they needed no help.  They rebuilt with their own resources.  The city’s water supply came from the hot springs of nearby Hieropolis.  It was lukewarm on arrival.

Religiously:  There was a temple to Zeus.  The worshipped Asklepios, the god of healing, and Men Karov, the god of the valley.  Emperor worship occurred here.  A large Jewish presence suggest that a synagogue existed.  The church is mentioned a few times by Paul [(Colossians 2:1; Colossians 4:13, 15, 16).  Note: on the epistle from Laodicea see article: “Missing Books of the New Testament” by Bryan Hodge].

The message: (1) Jesus declared Himself the “Amen, the Faithful and True witness” (Revelation 3:15).  The term “Amen” has to do with trustworthiness, reliability.  His witness is not incorrect.  (2) Jesus declared that He’s “the beginning of the creation of God” (Revelation 3:15).  The meaning is that He is the source of God’s creation (cf. John 1:1-3, 10; Colossians 1:16; Hebrews 1:1-2, 10).  He’s their maker.  (3) Jesus affirmed his knowledge of their works (Revelation 3:15).  (4) They were neither cold nor hot, but a disgusting lukewarm (Revelation 3:15-16).  Such made Him ready to vomit.  Hot water is useful. Cold water is useful.  Lukewarm water is not so beneficial.  He wished they were either hot or cold. Perhaps, nothing harms the cause more than “half way Christians”.  Get on fire, or don’t even pretend to be a Christian.  (5) They were self-deceived (Revelation 3:17-18).  They thought they were something spiritually.  In truth, they were, “wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked.”  Some believe the reference is not to their spiritual deception, so much, as to their trust in material things (cf. 1 Timothy 6:17).  Make no mistake about it, materialism harms the church (cf. Luke 8:14).  (6) The source for all that they truly needed was Christ (Revelation 3:18).  All their needs could be supplied by Him.  They could purchase such from Him by his grace (cf. Isaiah 55:1-4).  (7) His correction was due to His love for them (Revelation 3:19).  He wanted them to be zealous.  He wanted them to repent.  (8) He had given them free will (Revelation 3:20).  He knocked for them, He called out for them, but He did not force Himself on them.  (9) If they would respond: (a) He’d fellowship with them (Revelation 3:19); (b) He’d allow them to sit one day, with Him, on His throne (Revelation 3:21; 22:1 cf. John 17:24; 2 Tim. 2:10-12).

 Notice – Two messages appear to all seven churches: (1) Jesus said, “I know…” (Revelation 2:2; 2:9; 2:13; 2:19; 3:1; 3:8; 3:15). He knew their trials. He knew their conduct. He knows us, as well. (2) He urged them to “overcome” (Revelation 2:7; 2:11; 2:17; 2:26; 3:5; 3:12; 3:21). The scriptures urge us to “overcome the wicked one” (1 John 2:13-14), and “overcome the world” (John 16:33 cf. 1 John 5:4-5). The keys to victory are: (a) Faith (1 John 5:4-5); (b) the blood of the lamb (Rev. 12:11); (c) courage, “the word of their testimony” (Revelation 12:11); (d) self-sacrifice, “they did not love their lives to the death (Revelation 12:11).

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The Seven Churches of Asia (Faithful Churches)

Posted on December 19, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

The book of Revelation was addressed to seven churches in Asia (Revelation 1:4, 11).  “Asia” referred to the Roman province of Asia, located in western Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey).  Seven open letters were included in this book.  These letters evaluated, and exhorted the seven churches.  The letters appear to have been written in a geographical sequence. Ephesus was the nearest to the isle of Patmos from where John received the revelation (Revelation 1:9).  Ephesus was addressed first, followed by the rest in a geographically clock-wise order [(1) The church in Ephesus (Revelation 2:1-7); (2) The church in Smyrna (Revelation 2:8-11); (3) The church in Pergamos (Revelation 2:12-17); (4) The church in Thyatira (Revelation 2:18-29); (5) The church in Sardis (Revelation 3:1-6); (6) The church in Philadelphia (Revelation 3:7-13); (7) The church in Laodicea (Revelation 3:14-22)].

This series will follow a different order. We’ll divide the seven churches into three groups.  Group One: The faithful churches. This group includes Smyrna (Revelation 2:8-11), and Philadelphia (Revelation 3:7-13).  Group Two: The loveless, lifeless and lukewarm churches. This group includes Ephesus (Revelation 2:1-7), Sardis (Revelation 3:1-6), and Laodicea (Revelation 3:14-22).  Group Three: The liberal and worldly churches.  This group includes Pergamos (Revelation 2:12-17), and Thyatira (Revelation 2:18-29). As we consider each of these groups, ask yourself, “into which group would the spirit place this church, the South Anchorage church of Christ?”

 Group One: The faithful churches. There are only two churches that received no rebuke.

Smyrna (Revelation 2:8-11)

Modern name: Izmir

About the city: This city was Asia’s greatest seaport. It had surpassed Ephesus, which was located 50 miles south, when Ephesus’ harbor had become silted. The soil was fertile and grew grapes. The city had a medical school, public library, a theater which seated 20,000. The city was the birthplace of Homer, and had built the Homerium, a structure in honor of the famed writer.  The streets were wide and paved. The population in John’s day was between 180,000 and 200,000 (today, 2,000,000).

Religiously, there were numerous pagan temples dedicated to various gods including: Cybele, Zeus, Apollo, and Aphrodite. The temples of Cybele and Zeus were connected by a street of gold (cf Revelation 21:21). This was the place where the worship of Rome started (29 B.C.). There was a temple erected in 26 A.D. to Tiberius Caesar and his mother Julia.

The message: (1) Jesus knew what they were enduring (Revelation 2:9). They were enduring tribulation (crushing pressure), poverty (commercially boycotted), blasphemy of Jews (opposed, spoke against). (2) Jesus also had experienced suffering (Revelation 2:8 cf Hebrews 12-1-4). (3) They were going to experience more persecution (Revelation 2:10). Note: In 155 A.D. Polycarp, a bishop of the church in Smyrna, refused to renounce Christ and bow to Caesar saying, “Eighty and six years have I served Him, and He never did me any injury; how then can I blaspheme my King and my Savior… You threaten me with fire that burns for a time, and is quickly quenched, for you do not know the fire which awaits the wicked in judgment to come… come do what you will,” and with these words he was burned. It is said that the Jews zealously gathered the wood for the fire, even though it was the Sabbath. (4) In Jesus’ estimation, they were rich in what truly mattered (Revelation 2:9; cf. Revelation 3:17; Matthew 6:19-ff; Matthew 16:21; Luke 12:13-ff; Luke 16:19-ff). (5) Remain faithful regardless of physical cost. A crown of life awaits the faithful (Revelation 2:10). A lake of fire, a second death awaits the unfaithful (Revelation 2:11 cf. 20:13-14).

Philadelphia (Revelation 3:7-13)

Modern name: Alah – Shehir

About the city: The city name means “brotherly love.” The city received its name from the great love that existed between two brothers. Eumenes II was the King of Lydia in the second century B.C.  (Pre-Roman Empire). A false report circulated that he had been assassinated. Younger brother, Attalus II accepted the crown. However, Eumenes II returned from Greece alive and well. Some wanted Attalus II to remain king. However, he relinquished the crown to his brother. This is how the city got its name. The city was located 105 miles east of Smyrna. The land was known for its grape production (said to have vineyards covering an area 58 miles long by 46 miles wide). The Cogamus, the local river, was known for its fresh water turtles. The city was built-in a hilly area (elevation 952 feet) and on a fault line. The city was completely destroyed by earthquake in 17 A.D., but was rebuilt. Population figures are unknown. The city seems to have been relatively small. It did not have any courts of its own; but was under the courts of Sardis, which was located about 28 miles to the northwest.

Religiously: Bacchus (aka Dionysus), the god of wine, was worshipped in this city. This god’s image was inscribed on their coins.

The message: (1) Jesus knew what they were doing (Revelation 3:8). (2) They’re reminded that Jesus has ultimate authority (Revelation 3:7). (3) They had little strength (Revelation 3:8).  Perhaps, they were few in number. Perhaps, they were financially weak. (4) They had kept the word faithfully (Revelation 3:8, 14). (5) An open door had been set before them (Rev. 3:8). The reference is to evangelistic opportunity (Acts 14:27; 1 Corinthians 16:9; 2 Corinthians 2:12; Colossians 4:2-3). Watch the fact that this door was open due to their faithfulness (Revelation 3:8). (6) They had difficulty with the Jews (Revelation 3:9 cf. 2:9). The Jews would be humbled (Genesis 37:1-11; Isaiah 45:14; 49:23; 60:14). (7) They would be spared the great trials others would face (Revelation 3:10). (8) They still needed to be careful not to let others take their crown (Revelation 3:11 cf. 2:10). (9) If they overcame the trials and temptations of life(Revelation 3:12 cf John 16:33; 1 John 2:13; 2:14; 4:4; 5:4; 5:5; Revelation 2:7; 2:11; 2:17; 2:26; 3:5; 3:12; 3:21; 12:11;  21:7), they would be greatly blessed. They would have a new name written upon them [(Revelation 3:12), many think this is an allusion to history. When Philadelphia was destroyed in 17 A.D., Tiberius rebuilt it. There was a proposal to rename the city Neocaesarea (New Caesarea) in his honor. However, what awaits is New Jerusalem (Revelation 3:12 cf. 21:2, 10; Hebrews 11:10; 12:22)]. Moreover, they would be pillars in the temple of God (Revelation 3:12).

These two churches received a good review and no rebuke. Would we?

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Born of God

Posted on December 17, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

There were certain Pharisees who once tried to justify themselves by saying, “We are Abraham’s descendants” (John 8:33 cf. 3:8). Jesus acknowledged the biological connection saying, “I know that you are Abraham’s descendants” (John 8:37). However, He denied the spiritual connection replying, “If you were Abraham’s children, you would do the works of Abraham. But now you seek to kill me, a man who has told you the truth which I heard from God, Abraham did not do this. You do the deeds of your father … You are of your father the devil” (John 8:39-41a, 44a). Their deeds more closely connected them with the devil than with Abraham.

The book of 1 John used this same type of language. It might be thought of as a spiritual paternity test. Do our deeds more closely identify us with God or the devil?

1. “Everyone who practices righteousness is born of Him” (1 John 2:29).

This book was written to those who had obeyed the gospel plan of salvation (cf. 1 John 2:12). These words were designed to provide evidence that one could spiritually be identified with God.

The one spiritually identified with Him lives a life which practices righteousness. “If we say that we have fellowship with Him, and walk in darkness, we lie and do not practice the truth. But if we walk in the light as He is in the light, we have fellowship one with another” (1 John 1:6-7). “Little children, let no one deceive you. He who practices righteousness is righteous” (1 John 3:7).

2. “Whoever has been born of God does not sin, for His seed remains in him; and he cannot sin, because he has been born of God” (1 John 3:9).

The one spiritually identified with Him does not sin. The literal language is “does not keep on sinning,” that is—live a life of sin.

Why not? The answer is that “His seed,” that is the word of God (cf. Luke 8:11) lit. “Keeps on remaining in him.” This one has let God’s word find a home in his heart (cf. Psalm 119:11; Colossians 3:16a).

The one spiritually identified with Him cannot sin. That is, cannot live a life of sin. The wording “cannot” sometimes denotes deliberate will or purpose (Luke 14:20; Mark 6:5 cf. Matthew 13:58). The reference has nothing to do with it being impossible to sin, even once. The reference is to the restraint the child of God has so long as God’s word is at home in his heart (cf. 1 John 5:18). He will not live a life of sin. He will not even desire such a life.

3. “Beloved, let us love one another, for love is of God; and everyone who loves is born of God and knows God” (1 John 4:7).

The one spiritually identified with Him exhibits love. “He who says he is in the light, and hates his brother, is in darkness until now” (1 John 2:9). “For this is the message that you heard from the beginning, that we should love one another, not as Cain who was the wicked one and murdered his brother … whoever hates his brother is a murderer, and you know that no murderer has eternal life abiding in him” (1 John 3:11-12a, 15). “He who does not love does not know God, for God is love” (1 John 4:8). “If someone says, ‘I love God,’ and hates his brother, he is a liar … And this commandment we have from Him: that he who loves God must love his brother also” (1 John 4:20-21). Bill Lockwood once pointed out “The grand mistake of the Baptist pulpiteers is the utilization of passages (such as 1 John 4:7) that refer to the continual obedience of the child of God trying to make them germane to the process of conversion of the non-Christian.”

4. “Whoever believes that Jesus is the Christ is born of God” (1 Jn. 5:1).

The one spiritually identified with Him believes (lit. “continues to believe”) that Jesus is the Christ. He accepts Jesus as the Christ. Jesus said, “he who receives me receives Him who sent me” (John 13:20). One cannot be identified with Him, and reject His Messiah.

John is not saying that mere intellectual acceptance of Jesus as the Christ is enough. He has already set forth the need for obedience (1 John 1:6-7; 2:3-4; 3:24a), and love (1 John 4:7-8 cf. 2:10-11), and confession (1 John 1:9; 4:15).

5. “Whatever is born of God overcomes the world. And this is the victory that has overcome the world—our faith” (1 John 5:4).

The one spiritually identified with Him overcomes the world. The reference is to living the Christian life despite living in an unfriendly environment.

There are many things to overcome in this life—evil (Romans 12:21), the evil one (1 John 2:13), false teachers (1 John 4:4), and the tribulations of life (John 16:33). The victory is to those who overcome (Revelation 2:7; 2:11; 2:17; 2:26; 3:5; 3:12; 3:21). We need strong faith. This is the key to overcoming the trials and temptations of the world.

6. “Whoever is born of God does not sin; but he who has been born of God keeps himself” (1 John 5:18).

The one spiritually identified with Him does not literally—“keep on sinning”. That is, he does not live a life of sin. Instead, he keeps or guards himself. “Pure and undefiled religion before God involves ‘keep(ing) oneself unspotted from the world’” (James 1:27). “For this is the will of God … that each of you should know how to possess his own vessel in sanctification and honor … For God did not call us to uncleanness but in holiness. Therefore, he who rejects this does not reject man, but God …” (1 Thessalonians 4:3-8).

Can people see that you are the offspring of God?

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Eight Enabling Traits (Matthew 5:3-12)

Posted on December 15, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

Those who will be spiritually blessed possess eight traits in common.

1. They depend upon God: “Blessed are the poor in spirit” (Matthew 5:3). The word translated ‘poor’ indicates dependency. The word was used of beggars who depended on society for subsistence. Until one sees how lost he is without God’s mercy and grace, one will not accept God’s offer of salvation.

2. They are genuinely sorry over their sins: “Blessed are they that mourn” (Matthew 5:4). Sin is no laughing matter. One needs to be tender-hearted enough to weep over sin.

3. They humbly let God direct them: “Blessed are the meek” (Matthew 5:5). The word meek doesn’t mean weak. It was used of strength which could be controlled. It was used of oxen and horses which would pull a plow or a chariot. One needs to allow God to be Master.

4. They greatly desire to be right with God: “Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness” (Matthew 5:6). The original words used here are of the most extreme hunger and thirst. How greatly do you desire to be right with Him?

5. They are beneficent: “Blessed are the merciful” (Matthew 5:7). They care about people. The care about those in physical need (Luke 10:30-37; Galatians 6:10; James 2:13-17; 1 John 3:17-18). They care about those in spiritual need (Galatians 6:1-2; James 5:20). Understanding the mercy of God, they stand ready to forgive others (Matthew 18:21-35; Colossians 3:12-13).

6. They are pure in thought: “Blessed are the pure in heart” (Matthew 5:8). The heart is the source of actions (Proverbs 4:23). One needs to be cautious on what he thinks (Philippians 4:8).

7. They seek peace with others: “Blessed are the peacemakers” (Matthew 5:9). They strive to “live peaceably with all men” (Romans 12:18). “Follow peace with all men, and holiness without which no man shall see the Lord” (Hebrews 12:14).

8. They are prepared to suffer for righteousness rather than compromise: “Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness sake…blessed are you when they revile and persecute you, and say all kinds of evil against you falsely foy My name sake” (Matthew 5:10-12). Our commitment should lead us to be “faithful unto death” if necessary (Revelation 2:10).

These are characteristics that we each should seek to possess. If you are looking for areas to grown in this next year, work on these characteristics. You will be blessed by so doing.

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Hades, Heaven and Hell

Posted on December 12, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

What awaits on the other side? What do we know about the hereafter? What does the Bible say?

Hades

When Jesus died, He went to Paradise (Luke 23:43). Yet, He had not gone to the Father (John 20:17-18). He had been to hades [(Acts 2:29-32 cf. Matt. 16:18, 21). The KJV uses the word ‘hell’. This is not an incorrect translation. Hell in the 1600’s referred to that which is out of sight, the unseen realm].

The word hades means the “unseen.” It is the Greek equivalent to the Hebrew word “sheol.”

All men go to this unseen realm upon death. It is the “house appointed for all living” (Job 30:23). Men are gathered in this place [(Gen. 15:15; 25:8; 31:29; 49:33; Num. 20:24; 27:12-13) Notice the words “gathered unto his people”]. People have been gathering in this unseen realm since the death of Abel. “There are three things that will not be satisfied, four will not say enough: Sheol…” (Prov. 30:15-16 NASB).

There are two compartments to this unseen realm. (1) Some exist in Paradise (Luke 23:43),Abraham’s bosom [(Luke 16:22) This is language of closeness and fellowship with Abraham. See John 1:18; 13:23]. (2) Others are in torments (Luke 16:23).Sinful angels are held in tartarus [(2 Pet. 2:4 cf Jude 6) The KJV renders this ‘hell’. It is a holding place until judgment. Whether this is the same place called torments is unclear].

Heaven and Hell are still to come. Hades is a temporary waiting place (Rev. 20:12-13). I’ll use this illustration: Imagine a person staying in a nice hotel while his mansion is being prepared; or, imagine one being held in a jail before being transferred to prison.

If one’s destiny is determined at death, then what is the purpose of the judgment scene? It is the day when all of humanity will stand before the Great Judge. At that time the reason for the Judgment will be announced before all humanity. The great parting with then take place (Matt. 25:31-36).

Alexander Campbell said, “…to explain the term hades, it must be observed that there are three states of human spirit entirely distinct from each other. The first state of human spirits is in union with an animal body. This state terminates at death. The second state is that in which human spirits are separated from their animal bodies. This commences at death and terminates with the resurrection of the body. This is precisely what is called hades. The third state commences with the reunion of the spirit with the body, and continues ever after. Hades is said to be destroyed when this third state commences (A. Campbell, Living Oracles, appendix p. 58 quoted by Thomas Warren, Immortality – All of us will be Somewhere Forever, p. 146).

Heaven

The term ‘heaven’ refers to a high place. The word is used in different ways in the Bible. It is used of: (1) The atmosphere of the earth (Gen. 1:20; 2:1, 19; Jer. 4:25; Deut. 4:33; Luke 9:58). (2) It is used of space beyond the atmosphere (Gen. 1:14-17; Deut. 18:3; Psalm 19:1-6; Matt. 24:29). (3) Paradise [(Luke 23:43 cf. 2 Cor. 12:1-6) Note: This could not have been heaven where God is, for notice – John 1:18; 6:46; 1 Tim. 6:16; 1 John 4:12]. (4) The place where God dwells (Matt. 5:16, 45, 48; 12:50; Heb. 8:1; 1 Peter 3:22, etc.). It is this last heaven that we are interested in at this time.

Jesus is right now at the right hand of the Father (Matt. 19:28; 24:44; 25:31; 26:64; Mark 12:36; 14:62; 16:19; Acts 2:30, 33-34; 7:55-56; Rom. 8:34; Eph. 1:20; Col. 3:1; Heb. 1:3; 8:1; 10:12; 12:22; 1 Peter 3:22; Rev. 3:21). We can be with Him (John 14:1-3; 1 Cor. 15:24; 1 Thes. 4:17; Rev. 21:22-27; 22:1-5). We can be in heaven.

Why should we want to go to heaven?

(1) It is a place where God shall wipe away the tears from our eyes (Rev. 21:1-4). This life is filled with many sorrows and heartbreaks. Job said, “Man that is born of woman is of few days, and full of trouble” (Job 14:11). The suffering of this world does not compare with the glory that is coming to the faithful (Rom. 8:18; 2 Cor. 4:17).

(2) It is a place without decay (Matt. 6:19-20). All that we see around us ages and decays. This includes our possessions. This includes our bodies. We have the promise of an inheritance which is “incorruptible and undefiled, that fadeth not away” (2 Pet. 1:4). Neither moth, rust, nor thieves will be a problem (Matt. 6:19-20). We’re promised incorruption and immortality (1 Cor. 15:33; cf. 2 Cor. 5:1). “The tree of life” is there (Rev. 2:7; 22:2, 14 cf. Gen. 2:9; 3:22-24). (3) The wicked will not be there (Rev. 21:8; 21:27; 22:15). So much of the misery in this world is a result of evil workings of men and women. Rape, child molestation, murder, robbery and other evils exist in this world.

The unrepentant will not be allowed to enter this place. Some wonder why these there might not turn and do evil. Brother Kerry Duke has written, “One helpful factor is that in heaven Christians will not face the temptations that are peculiar to life on earth. The will no longer be subject to the desires of the fleshly body and the lure of material things. In heaven, they will have spiritual bodies (1 Cor. 15:35-58; Phil. 3:21) and will be equal to the angels (Luke 20:36). They also will not have to contend with the devil, since he will have been cast into perdition (Rev. 20:10). However, these differences do not fully receive the problem. The angels did not possess fleshly bodies, yet they sinned, and the devil was not deceived by some prior ‘tempter’… The scriptures clearly teach that free beings may so abuse their conscience that they become incapable of repentance (Jer. 13:23; John 12:39-41; Eph. 4:19; 1 Tim. 4:2; Heb. 6:4-6; 2 Pet. 2:14). If free beings in this life may become incapable of turning to God, why cannot free beings in heaven be incapable of turning away from Him? Man’s safe state in heaven is the result neither of an inherent property nor a supernatural transformation. It is the product of a unique combination of a faithful response to the period of probation, and the full, immediate realization of the fate of the wicked. The probation develops genuineness of faith and love; the powerful realization of the fate of the wicked will provide a lasting impression of awe. Though we already know the fate of the wicked, after death we will more completely understand the heinousness of sin” (God at a Distance, p. 78-80). Is this the answer? I don’t know for sure. Perhaps, we just have to make it there to understand. However, one thing I know is that evil will not dwell there.

(3) It is a place of beauty. It is a city of pure gold (Rev. 21:18) with a street of pure gold (Rev. 21:21). The city wall is of jasper (Rev. 21:18). The foundations of the wall are adorned with all kinds of precious stones: jasper, sapphire, chalcedony, emerald, sardonyx, sardius, chrysolite, beryy, topaz, chrysoprase, jacinth, amethyst (Rev. 21:19-20). The city gates each are of one pearl (Rev. 21:21). This I do not believe to be literal language. This is earthly language to tell us of the richness and beauty of this place that awaits. Many enjoy vacationing in beautiful places upon this earth, but how beautiful heaven must be! There we can find comfort and rest (2 Thes. 1:7; Heb. 4:9; Rev. 14:13).

(4) it is a place of fellowship with the best people this world has ever known. “Many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven” (Matt. 8:11). Won’t it be wonderful to be with those “of whom the world was not worthy” (Heb. 11:38)?

The question is sometimes asked, “Will we know one another in heaven?” I believe that we will. Consider the following points: (1) Nothing in the Bible indicates that we won’t. (2) Identity seems to be maintained in the hadean realm. Think about (a) The rich man and Lazarus (Luke 16:19-31). (b) Samuel, Moses and Elijah all appeared from hades (1 Sam. 28:7-12; Luke 9:28-31). (c) Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob continue with identity on the other side (Ex. 3:6 cf. Luke 20:27-28; Matt. 8:11; Luke 16:19-31). (3) Paul would boast in the day of the Lord Jesus of his brethren (2 Cor. 1:14b). Their being in the presence of the Lord was his hope, joy, and crown of rejoicing (1 Thes. 2:19-20 cf. Phil. 4:1). How would he ever know that they made it? How would he be able to boast of them? Unless he would be able to recognize them on the other side. There are many mysteries about the other side. However, it seems that recognition will exist.

(5) The Father, Jesus the Lamb, and the Spirit will be there. We’ll be with our Creator. We’ll be with God who planned this glorious existence for us. We’ll be with the One who endured the agony of the cross so that we might receive forgiveness of sins and be able to enter into this glory. As Paul said, “For who I suffer the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ” (Phil. 3:8) even so we should be motivated.

Really not much is said about heaven in the scriptures. However, enough is said to let us know that we should want to be there.

Hell

The original word we’re interested in is the Greek ‘geenna’ which is from the Hebrew ‘Ge Hinnom’ (that is the Valley of Hinnom). The Valley of Hinnom was a very real place. It was located just outside of Jerusalem.

At one point in Jewish history, idolatrous Jews practiced idolatry in this valley. Worship of Baal and Molech took place in this place. Human sacrifices took place here (2 Kings 23:10; 2 Chr. 28:3; 33:6; Jer. 7:31; 32:35). Robert Taylor Jr. has written, “Depraved idolaters among the Hebrews had frequently been known to remove precious babies from the bosoms of weeping mothers to serve as burnt sacrifices…” (The Doctrine of Final Things, p. 44). It was in this valley “where Topheth stood, a huge altar-pyre for the burning of the sacrificial victims” (ISBE Vol. 3, 2075). Josiah ended these practices (2 Kings 23:1-20, see esp. v. 10).

Later this valley was used as a garbage dump for Jerusalem. Robert Morey has written, “Because of these horrible idolatrous practices, the Valley of Hinnom was hated and considered ‘unclean’ by pious Jews. In Christ’s day, thishatred of the Valley of Hinnom caused the valley to become the town dump where all the garbage of Jerusalem could be thrown. Unclean corpses as well as normal garbage were thrown into it. Because garbage was constantly being thrown into the valley, the fire never stopped burning and the worms never stopped eating.” (Death and the Afterlife, p. 87).

At some point before the time of Christ, Gehenna also began to be used as a picture of where the unrighteous go. Robert Morey has written, “Gehenna came to be understood as the final, eternal garbage dump… Arndt and Gingrich also pointed out that the Jewish belief, before Christ, placed the last judgment of the wicked in the Valley of Hinnom. They concluded that it means ‘the place of judgment’” (Death and the Afterlife, p. 87, 88).

Why should we work to avoid hell?

(1) It is described in the most unattractive terms. It is described as the garbage dump of Jerusalem, the Valley Hinnom, complete with “fire” and “worms” (Mark 9:44, 46, 48), and “smoke” (Rev. 14:11). It is also described as a place of darkness (Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30; Jude 13).

(2) It is a place of misery. There will be “weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 24:51; 25:30; Luke 13:28). The wicked face torment on the other side (Luke 16:23-f; Rev. 14:10; 2 0:10), and tribulation (2 Thes. 1:6-9). There will be no rest day or night (Rev. 14:11).

Some have wondered if hell is a place of literal fire. I do not believe that the language is literal. Robert Morey has written, “Since hell is a future reality which no one has yet seen, the authors of scripture and the Master Himself used what was available in the situation to describe the awfulness of ultimate separation from God” (Death and the Afterlife, p. 30). Again, “Christ used the mental picture of worms and fire connected with the city dump in the valley of Gehenna to illustrate the doctrine of everlasting punishment. Christ was not teaching that hell will involve literal worms…” (ibid).

(3) It is a place where one will be separated from the righteousness (Luke 13:28) and joined with the likes of murderers, thieves, homosexuals, and whoremongers (1 Cor. 6:9-10; Gal. 5:19-21; Rev. 21:8; 21:27; 22:15). There will be a great parting (Matt. 13:24-ff; 13:47-ff; 25:31-ff).

(4) It is a place which was prepared for the devil and his angels (Matt. 25:41; Rev. 20:10 cf. 20:15). Not only will one be with evil men, he will be with the “Prince of darkness”.

(5) It is a place where one is separated from fellowship with God (Matt. 25:41; 2 Thes. 1:9). Nothing could be sadder than to hear those words, “I never knew you: depart from me” (Matt. 7:23).

(6) It is a non-ending sentence. However long heaven will be, that is how long hell also will be (Dan. 12:2; Matt. 25:46; Rev. 14:11 cf. 14:13). It is not a place which is temporary. It is not a place where time is served and then one can pass over into heaven. It is everlasting.

Some have wondered if hell is eternal on-going punishment, or if it is eternal only in the sense of consequence (that is the wicked are burned up or annihilated). Things to consider: (1) There is language which seems to suggest an eternal on-going punishment (Rev. 14:11). (2) Annihilationists argue that the wicked will be destroyed [(appolumi) Matt. 10:28]. However, this is the same term used for the “lost sheep”, “lost coin”, and “lost son” [translated ‘lost’ (Luke 15:6, 9, 32)]. They were not annihilated but lost. W.E. Vine’s, “The idea is not extinction, but ruin, loss, not of being but of well being”. (3) Annihilationists have also appealed to the word “destruction” [(Olethros) 2 Thes. 1:9]. However, something can be destroyed without ceasing to exist (cf. Jer. 48:8 LXX). (4) Annihilationists have also appealed to the word “perish” (e.g. Rom. 2:12; 2 Cor. 2:15; 2 Thes. 2:10). However something can perish without ceasing to exist. Milk can perish but that does not mean that it has ceased to exist. Note: the word that is most often translated perish is apollumi (as under 2). (5) Annihilationists have appealed to the word “consume” as in Hebrews 12:29. Again, it can be said that something can be consumed without ceasing to be (Ps. 78:45; Lam. 3:4 ‘old’ is lit. consumed; Ezek. 13:13).

One thing is absolutely certain. Enough is said to cause us to want to avoid this place. It is worth whatever we have to give up in this life to avoid it (Mark 9:43-38). There appears to be something worse than death which await’s the unrighteous (Mark 9:42; Matt. 26:24; Luke 16:19-31; Rev. 14:11; Dan. 12:2).

Some have wondered if there are degrees of punishment. I do believe that there are (Luke 12:42-48; Heb. 10:29; Mark 12:38-40). However, I wish to avoid such altogether.

Others have wondered how we could possibly enjoy heaven knowing that others we’ve known are in hell. (1) One suggestion is that we will not recognize who is and is not in heaven. Guy Woods remarked to this by saying that if we did not recognize others in heaven “instead of solving the difficulty (this) increases it; for, if we are unable to recognize any of our loved ones there, we must then be uncertain whether any of them are there, even if they are…” (Shall We Know one Another in Heaven, p. 20). (2) A better solution is expressed by brother Woods, “When the mists have cleared,… we shall then be able to see clearly that those who are not in heaven do not deserve to be there” (ibid, p. 21). This is a Biblical concept (Ezek. 14:21-23).

Numbers

Billions and billions of people have lived on this planet since the dawn of creation. How many will be in heaven? The answer is ‘few’ [(Matt. 7:13-14; Luke 13:23-24) on the term ‘few’ see 1 Peter 3:20; Also Ex. 38:26 cf. Num. 14:29-30; 26:65; 32:11-12]. How many shall be in hell? The answer is ‘many’ (Matt. 7:13-14; Luke 13:23-24). Tyler Young has written, “Who will be in hell? In short, most. Sitting through a multitude of funeral services, as most of us eventually do, we get the distinct impression that practically no one goes to hell.But according to Jesus, the tragic reality is that most people will choose the broad way through the wide gate which leads to destruction (Matt. 7:13-14). We take no pleasure in this sad fact; it grieves our God and breaks our hearts. We all have loved ones who have died lost or are still alive and headed for hell. But we cannot change the truth that only those who love and obey Jesus Christ can avoid the fate we all deserve but which Jesus died to prevent. And if we have loved ones that end up in hell, one thing is certain: they will not want us to follow them there (Luke 16:27-28)” [from the bulletin article Hell: The ‘Infinite Lie’].

Robert Morey introduced his book “Death and the Afterlife” by suggesting that there is a real need to teach on this subject. He indicates that in time past there was general acknowledgement of what the scriptures taught on this subject. Then some began to down play the ‘negative side’ of the Gospel. No longer did they urge folks to flee from the wrath to come. Instead they emphasized the ‘positive side’ of God’s love to the exclusion of anything else. Hell was rarely preached on by some. This led to ignorance and doubt about the concept of hell, and even outright denial. He said it is only by affirming what the Bible teaches that the situation can be corrected. Folks, the man is not a member of the church of Christ but I do believe that he has it correct.

Conclusion

It is my prayer that looking at these things motivates us to strive with all might to be in heaven in the end and avoid hell.

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Nativity Questions

Posted on December 10, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

This time of year many think about the birth of Jesus. We’ll take this writing to address a few questions.

1. Was Jesus born on December 25th?

It seems unlikely. Shepherds did not have their sheep in the fields in the winter months, especially at night (cf. Luke 2:8-9). Adam Clark commented, “on this very ground the nativity in December should be given up” (Vol. 5, p. 370).

“No one is certain why December 25 was chosen. There is nothing in the New Testament to indicate that this is the date of the Nativity. It is believed that the efforts of early Christians in Rome to change pagan customs into Christian rites led, in the 4th century A.D., to the adoption of December 25th… This date was probably chosen because, according to the calendar then in use, December 25 was the winter solstice… the sun-worshipping pagans had celebrated this day…” (The New Book of Knowledge. Vol. 3, p. 290).

God has not specified the date of Jesus birth. He has not told us to keep such a day.

We are, however, to remember Jesus’ death by observing the Lord’s Supper each first day of the week (Acts 20:7 cf. 1 Cor. 16:1-2; 1 Cor. 11:23-26). We should be content to worship in an authorized manner.

2. What is the significance of the virgin birth?

The Bible affirms the virgin birth (Luke 1:26-35; Matt. 1:18-23, cf. Isa. 7:14).

The Messiah was to have a two-fold nature. (1) He was to be of the seed of woman (Gen. 3:15; Isa. 7:14; cf. Gal. 4:4). He’s called “man” (1 Tim. 2:5). (2) He was to be called Emmanuel (Isa. 7:14) “Which being interpreted is ‘God with us'” [(Matt. 1:23). [Note: The reference to Emmanuel does not mean this would be what he was primarily called. A similar situation is found in Solomon who was to be called Jedidiah, meaning ‘beloved of the Lord’ (2 Sam. 12:24-25)]. His goings forth were “from old, from everlasting” (Mic. 5:2). God became flesh (John 1:1, 14; 1 Tim. 3:16 KJV). A body had been prepared for atonement (Heb. 10:5-7 cf. Psalm 40:6-8 LXX).

3. What was the star of Bethlehem ?

I’ve heard, through the years, many theories. Some have suggested a unique alignment of planets (Note: The Hebrews did not distinguish between stars and planets). Others have postulated that it was a comet.

I have difficulties with such explanations. J.W. McGarvey has written, “When the magi left Jerusalem the star ‘went before them, and came and stood over where the young child was.’ This could not be true of a real star, because a real star cannot move on before men, and stand over a particular house so as to distinguish it from other houses. A child, looking at a star near the horizon, may imagine that it hangs over a certain house; but when (he) walks up to the house (he) finds that the star is as far off as before and is hanging over another house” (Matthew and Mark, p. 26). The star seems to have appeared and disappeared to the magi (Matt. 2:1-2, 9-10). Herod and his men seem not to have noticed this unusual star. Moreover, if the star was visible and obviously hanging over one house, then why didn’t his men simply go there upon the news of the magi (Matt. 2:1-10)? This seems to have been a supernatural occurrence visible only to the wise men, or at least close enough to guide them. It may have been somewhat similar to the pillar of cloud and pillar of fire (Ex 13:21-22; 14:19,24; 33:9-10; Num 12:5,10; 14:14; Deut 31:15; Neh 9:13,19; Ps 78:14; 99:7; 105:39).

4. Were the shepherds and the wise men present near the same time?

I do not believe that they were. The shepherds went to Jesus the night he was born, and found him lying in a manger wrapped in swaddling clothes (Luke 2:7-17). The wise men found Jesus in a house (Matt. 2:11). It seems possible that Joseph and Mary had relocated to Judea from Nazareth (Notice Joseph seems to have wanted to return from Egypt into Judea . It took God’s instructions to get him to settle in Galilee Matt. 2:19-23).

5.  How many wise men were there?

The Bible doesn’t say. Some have inferred that there were three from the mentioning of three gifts (Matt. 2:11). However, such is an unwarranted assumption, and is not implied.

What was the significance of these three gifts? Much speculation has occurred. Many believe that the gold may have been used to support the family in their flight to Egypt (Matt. 2:13-15). Such is speculation, though possible.

6. Were Joseph and Mary poor?

They absolutely were. This is evident from the record (Lk. 2:22-24 cf. Lev. 12:1-8).

However, notice what qualities they did have. (1) She was pure (Lk. 1:34). (2) She was worshipful of God (Lk. 1:46-ff). (3) He was just (Matt. 2:19). (4) He listened to God ( Mt. 1:20-25; 2:13-15; 2:19-23). (5) They followed the law of God (Lk. 2:21-24; Luke 2:41) and man (Lk. 2:1-5). (6) They proved to be good parents (Lk. 2:52). (7) Joseph worked for a living (Mt. 13:53).

Perhaps, we emphasize the wrong qualities. When God sent His son into the world, He chose qualities for the guardians of His son which many overlook. These are qualities we should each strive to possess.

7. Who is Santa Claus?

“Santa Claus” is an Americanized term for “Saint Nicholas.” He was a real man who lived in Myra , Asia Minor ( Turkey ), during the 4th century A.D. The story goes that he learned of a poor man, who had three daughters unable to marry due to lack of dowry. Nicholas on three successive evenings supposedly slipped bags of gold through their window (one of which fell into a stocking which had been hung up to dry). Giving is honorable (Acts 20:35).

A word of caution: Parents be careful how you handle the Santa Claus thing. Many parents tell their children that Santa Claus is real. They assign God-like qualities to him. He knows when the children have been naughty. He knows when they’ve been nice. He rewards accordingly. However, the children grow up and learn that the whole thing was a make-believe fairy tale, even a hoax. Yet, these same parents say very similar things about God. He sees all (Prov. 15:3). He rewards accordingly to deeds (Matt. 16:22; 1 Cor. 3:8; 2 Tim. 4:14; 1 Pet. 1:17). Some may come away saying, “this is just another fairy-tale”. Saturate your children with proofs of God’s existence so that they may build a “rock solid faith”, and not regard such as just another fairy-tale.

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What to do With the Word

Posted on December 8, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

“All scripture is given by the inspiration of God and is profitable …”

(2 Tim. 3:16).

     Two things are affirmed: (1) Inspiration. The word translated “inspiration” (theopneustos) literally means, “God breathed”. Geisler and Nix explained, “It does not mean, as the English word ‘inspire’ might imply, that God breathed in the word but rather that the very words were breathed out” [A General Introduction to the Bible, p. 35 (cf. Mt. 4:4)]. The word translated “scripture” (graphe) appears 52 times in the New Testament, and without exception, it refers to the writings of the Bible. It is used in both the Old Testament and the New Testament (Notice: 1 Tim 5:18 quotes Deut. 25:4 and Lk. 10:7 and refers to them as scripture. Notice: It is used of the writings of Paul, 2 Pet. 3:15-16). The word “scripture” in the New Testament functions as a technical term for the writings of the Bible. (2) Profitability. There are some things unprofitable spiritually speaking (see 2 Tim. 2:14 cf. 1 Tim 1:4; 4:7; 6:20; Tit. 1:14). However, the words inspired of God are profitable.

Profitable for what?

(2 Tim. 3:16-17)

Therefore …

(2 Tim. 4:2)
  1. Doctrine/teaching            1. Preach the word
   2. Reproof            2. Convince/reprove
    3. Correction           3. Rebuke
    4. Instruction/training       in righteousness           4. Exhort
5. Equipping for every good work           5. Maintain good works Note: This is not taught in 2 Tim. 4:2, but is taught throughout 1, 2 Timothy and Titus. See: Tit. 3:8; 3:14; cf. 1 Tim. 2:10; 3:1; 5:10; 5:25; 6:18; 2 Tim. 2:21; 4:5; Tit. 1:16; 2:7

   Definitions

1. Doctrine. Vine’s “either (a) that which is taught …, or (b) the act of teaching, instruction.”

2. Reproof. Arndt-Gingrich, “bring to light, expose, set forth … convict or convince someone of something, point something out to someone.” Thayer, “A proof that by which a thing is proved or tested … (or) of an inward result of proving viz. a conviction.”

3. Correction. The term was used of restoration of a building or rebuilding a city. Vine’s, “Lit. a restoration to an upright or right state.”

4. Instruction/training. Thayer, “training and education of children.” Arndt-Gingrich, “upbringing, training, instruction … in our lit. chiefly as it is attained by discipline, correction.”

5. Preach. Vine’s, “Be a herald.” TDNT, “It is important that heralds deliver news or pass on messages strictly as they are given to them.” A good preacher does not create a message but acts as a messenger. The message does not belong to him. Note: The terms teaching and preaching are paralleled. The modern differential usage is not made here.

6. Reprove. See reproof above.

7. Rebuke. Thayer, “To tax with fault.” Denny Petrillo, “to warn … it implies a sharp, severe rebuke” (Commentary on 1, 2 Timothy and Titus, p. 146). Wayne Jackson, “to express strong disapproval” (Before I Die, p. 277).

8. Exhort. The word literally means “to call to the side.” It can refer to calling one aside to encourage, or to teach, or to admonish. Notice in context it is paralleled with instruction or training.

How are you using God’s word?

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Why?

Posted on December 5, 2012 by Bryan Hodge

An elderly couple returning from visiting family are killed in a car crash. A young family is killed when a tornado rips through their house. A young mother is swept away by a tsunami. A young father is killed in a terrorist attack. A young woman is raped and murdered. A young man is killed in a random act of violence. A child is killed in a dog attack. Toby Keith sings, “Well a man comes on the 6 o’clock news said ‘somebody’s been shot, somebody’s been abused, somebody blew up a building, somebody stole a car…’” Tragedy strikes in many different forms, but whatever the form, it is common for man to cry out, “Why?”

Why would a good God allow such evil, pain, and suffering to exist on earth? Epicurus struggled with this saying, “God either wishes to take away evils and is unable; or He is neither willing nor able; or He is both willing and able. If He is willing and unable, he is feeble, which is not in accordance with the character if God; if He is able and unwilling, He is envious, which is equally at variance with God; If He is neither willing or able, He is both envious and feeble, and therefore not God; If he is both willing and able, which alone is suitable to God, from what source then are evils? Or why does He not remove them?” (Thomas Warren, Have Atheists Proved There Is No God? p. 4).

Why Do We Suffer?

There is not one, but many earthly causes fort man’s suffering. Let’s notice several:

1. Many suffer due to their own personal choice(s) in life.

Consider: (a) The murderer, thief, evildoer, or busybody may reap the consequences of actions in this life (1 Peter 4:15). (b) The drunk or drug addict may bring many woes upon himself (cf. Proverbs 23:29-ff). (c) Those who choose to smoke may suffer respiratory problems. (d) The promiscuous may develop an S.T.D. or unwanted pregnancy. (e) Those who build their houses without good foundations may suffer loss (Matthew 7:24-27). (f) Those who build below sea level or in a flood plain may suffer disaster.

2. One may suffer due to the choice(s) of another (or others).

Consider: (a) One can be murdered, as Stephen was by the mob (Acts 7:57-60). (b) One can be raped, as Tamar was by Amnon (2 Samuel 13). (c) Wives are battered and children are abused through no fault of their own. (d) Drunk drivers kill.

3. One may suffer due to the choice(s) of a previous generation.

Consider: (a) God told the Israelites “your carcasses shall fall in the wilderness. And your sons shall be shepherds in the wilderness forty years, and bear the brunt of your infidelity, until your carcasses are consumed in the wilderness” (Numbers 14:33, cf. Exodus 20:4-6). (b) Later, Israelites would say, “our fathers sinned and are no more, but we bear their iniquities. Servants rule over us” (Lamentations 5:7-8). While they did not bear the guilt of their parents sins (Ezekiel 18:20), they did bear the consequences. (c) Children are born with problems due to prenatal exposure to drugs and alcohol.  (d) Children are born with HIV infection. (e) All of humanity suffers due to the effects of the global flood and the reshaping of the earth’s topography (cf. Psalm 104:5-9 NASB). Wayne Jackson has written, “Had it not been for man’s evil, the flood would never have come; the features of the earth would not have been so altered; and man would not be suffering the consequences thereof today!” (The Book of Job, p. 118).

4. One may suffer as a result of living in a physical world which is operating according to physical laws.

Consider: (a) Gravity is a part of this world. Gravity allows us to dwell upon this earth. Gravity can also cause objects to fall and such may result in death (Like 13:4). (b) Fire can be used to cook and warm the bones. Fire can also kill (Job 1:16). (c) Water can be used to sustain life. Water can also drown (Exodus 15:4). (d) Stones can be used to build a house. Stones can be used to stone a man to death (Acts 7). (e) Food can be used to sustain life. Food can be misused resulting in obesity and heart disease.

5. Some suffering comes as a direct result of living a godly life.

Consider: (a) “Yes, and all who desire to live godly in Christ Jesus will suffer persecution” (2 Timothy 3:12). (b) “We must through many tribulations enter the kingdom of God ” (Acts 14:23, cf. 2 Timothy 4:18; 2 Peter 1:10-11). (c) “Beloved, do not think it strange concerning the fiery trial which is to try you, as though some strange thing happened to you” (1 Peter 4:12).

6. Some suffering may by due to Satan’s attacks (Job 1:9-22; 2:1-10). Satan attacked Job’s family, wealth, and health in an effort to get him to turn against God.

Why Does God Allow Such?

Some make the assumption that if God is omnipotent (all-powerful), then He should immediately eliminate all evil, pain, and suffering upon this earth. However, could there be reasons that God allows evil, pain, and suffering to continue in this world?

1. Pain plays a role in physical preservation.

Pain is the body’s warning that something is wrong. It prompts one to remove his hand from a hot stove top. It informs the body that food and water is needed. It informs us that a body part has been injured and needs attention.

2. Pain and suffering can be used (if properly viewed) to spiritually mature us.

When tragedy strikes, man is reminded of the brevity and uncertainty of life. James writes, “For what is your life? It is even a vapor that appears for a little time and then vanishes away” ( James 4:14).  This should prompt man to wisely use time (Ephesians 5:16; Colossians 4:5). We should not “let the sun go down on (our) wrath” (Ephesians 4:26).

Tragedy also reminds us that we should live out our lives prepared for eternity, because we know not how long we each will have on this earth. “It is appointed for men to die once, but after this the judgment” (Hebrews 9:27).

Suffering helps us to understand how God views sin. Think of the suffering of Jesus upon the cross who “bore our sins in His own body on the tree” (1 Peter 2:24). I could never grasp how terrible sin is to God without the suffering of Christ.

Suffering can be used to develop certain spiritual characteristics. Patience can be developed through suffering ( James 1:2-3; Romans 5:3-4). Arrogance and pride can be quenched through suffering (2 Corinthians 12:7-10). Prayer and humility before God sometimes is a result of suffering (2 Chronicles 33:9-13; Jonah 2:1-2; Psalm 119:67-71). Seeing the sinful suffer may prevent me from following the same course.

Suffering in others can prompt us to be benevolent and compassionate beings (Luke 10:30-37; Romans 12:15). It can help us to not be wholly self-absorbed.

Kerry Duke has written, “God has provided man with an environment capable of building in him qualities suitable for another realm” (God At a Distance, p. 12).

3. Suffering may fit within God’s plan of volitional balance.

Kerry Duke explains, “It was not enough for God merely to create man as a free moral agent. To exercise his will in the truest sense, he must have an environment perfectly suited for this purpose” (ibid, p. 13).  Again, “just as the earth is neither too close to nor too far away from the sun, man in a spiritual sense is neither too close to God nor too far removed from Him” (ibid. p. vii). “To preserve freedom, God does not overwhelm man with a direct manifestation of Himself. Just as a piece of metal that is too close to a magnet cannot resist being drawn to it, man could not avoid believing in God if he were to experience the unveiled essence of deity. On the other hand, if man had no revelation from the Creator, he would be incapable of finding and serving Him” (ibid, p. 43). God  could have created an environment with trials so severe that our souls would be so crushed or preoccupied that obedience to His will would have been virtually impossible. But God designed the physical environment after neither of these extremes” (ibid, p. 143).

Some have wondered why God allows the righteous to suffer. However, if God removed all suffering from the righteous, would there really be volitional balance?

4. Life is best viewed as a test.

“Just as men test silver and gold for their genuineness, the Lord tests the genuineness of the heart (Zechariah 13:9; Psalm 66:10). Tribulation is pictured by Peter as a trial of fire that is for mote important than the testing of gold (1 Peter 1:7). …  We are compelled in the face of trials to declare the heart’s true desires. Tribulation quickly unmasks us of any pretense. Of course, God knows our hearts before we respond to the trial (Note: the trial itself may mature us. See point 2 above. B.H.). But when we react to a trying situation, we declare unequivocally to the world and to ourselves who we really are. Trials bring to the surface the good or bad qualities that lie undetected deep inside the soul” (Duke, p. 142).

5. God provides man with opportunity to repent.

Some wonder why does not God simply eliminate the sinful. If God eliminated each and every person the minute he sinned, no adult reading this now would be alive. God has provided man with the opportunity to repent (cf. 2 Peter 3:9). Some will. Others will not.

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