Should We Keep the Sabbath? (Part 3)

Posted on June 16, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

In this lesson, we will continue to consider some common arguments for observing the Sabbath.

Arguments For

16.  He added No More.  After The Ten Commandments were set forth (Deuteronomy 5:1-21), we are told that, “He added no more” (Deuteronomy 5:22).  This, again, is thought to set The Ten Commandments apart as special.

First, what is meant?  Roy Hearn has written, “This does not mean that God did not give other laws, but He added no more in an audible voice to the assembly” (Editor Curtis Cates, The Book of Exodus, p. 125, MSOP Lectureship).  This is correct (Exodus 20:18-21; 21:1; 25:9, 40; Deuteronomy 5:22-27; Acts 7:44; Hebrews 8:5, etc.). 

Second, this argument is weak.  It in no way implies that The Ten Commandments are still binding. 

17.  Moses and Rest.   In order to try to prove that the Sabbath was being kept before the Exodus, some have appealed to Exodus 5:1-5.  Pharaoh said, “Why do you take the people from their work… You make them rest from their labor!”

First, should the Sabbath-day be understood every time the word “rest” is used?  Surely not.

Second, the “rest,” in context, seems to refer to the three-day leave requested (Exodus 5:3).  There is not reason to infer the Sabbath is meant.  Third, how would this prove the Sabbath is binding on all of mankind, and binding even today?  Animal sacrifices were offered under Patriarchal times and under Mosaic times.  However, Sabbatarians do not believe that such should be offered today.  A similar point could be made about circumcision. 

18.  No Respect of Persons (Partiality).  It is reasoned that since God is not a respecter of persons (Acts 10:34-35; Romans 2:11; Ephesians 6:9; 1 Peter 1:17), then the Sabbath had to be given to all of humanity. 

I believe that this is a great misuse of the word.  God shows no partiality in judgment and salvation.  However, it is an overreach to say that God always give the same things to everyone.  Consider: (1) Circumcision (Genesis 17:12-14); (2) Law of Moses (Romans 3:1-2); (3) Miraculous gifts (1 Corinthians 12:28-30).

19.  James.   This argument comes from James 2:10-11.  In illustrating that one is not to pick and choose which commandments to follow, James quotes from The Ten Commandments [Exodus 20:14 (Deuteronomy 5:18); Exodus 20:13 (Deuteronomy 5:17)].  Some have inferred from this that The Ten Commandments are still in force. 

First, it should be pointed out that James 2:8 quotes from Leviticus 19:18.  This is from outside The Ten Commandments.  W. Curtis Porter remarked, “If mentioning two of the ten binds all ten on us, then mentioning one of the commandments of Moses would bind all of the Law of Moses on us.  There is no way to escape this conclusion (A.N. Dugger – W. Curtis Porter Debate, p. 40).

Second, each passage quoted reflects teachings which are clearly taught in the New Testament.  This is admitted by all.  However, this is not the case with the Sabbath day. 

20.  What God Does Lasts.  Various passages are used to support this position (e.g., Ecclesiastes 3:14; Malachi 3:6; Hebrews 13:8).   Therefore, the sabbath must last.

Sabbatarians do not consistently believe in this argument.  They believe that Ceremonial Law has been removed (Colossians 2:16-17).

21.  Ceremonial Law/Moral Law (again).  Sabbatarians insist that a distinction should be made between Ceremonial Law and Moral Law.  (1)  Some try to distinguish between Moses’ Law and God’s Law.  (2) Some try to distinguish between covenants given under Moses. 

First, the distinction between the Law of Moses and the Law of God, or the Law of the LORD is lacking.  (1) The Law of Moses and the Law of God/LORD are sometimes used interchangeably (e.g. Nehemiah 8:1/8:8; Luke 2:22/2:23-24).  (2) God gave the Law of Moses (Ezra 7:6).  Moses gave the Law of God (Nehemiah 10:29).  (3) God gave the Book of the Law of Moses (Nehemiah 8:8).  Moses gave the Book of the Law of the LORD (2 Chronicles 34:14).  (4) Some things Sabbatarians consider Ceremonial Law is called “the Law of the LORD” (2 Chronicles 31:3), and The Ten Commandments are introduced as “For Moses said…” (Mark 7:10).    Second, the Bible speaks of only one covenant being made at Horeb, or Sinai (Deuteronomy 29:1; 1 Kings 8:9; Hebrews 9:1-4).  God made one Covenant with Israel at Horeb, which was repeated and renewed at Moab (Deuteronomy 29:1).  This covenant included the two tables of stone (1 Kings 8:9) and ordinances of divine service (Hebrews 9:1-4).  Kevin L. Cunningham comments of Hebrews 9:1-4, “This covenant contained the tables of the covenant, The Ten Commandments, and the ordinance.  No distinction is made between the covenant that had ordinances and another covenant that contained the ark of the covenant and the tables of the covenant” (Kevin L. Cunningham, The Sabbath, The Law, and The New Covenant, p. 20). 

22.  Jesus Said.  Jesus said, “Do not think that I came to destroy the Law or the Prophets.  I did not come to destroy but to fulfill.  For assuredly I say to you till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no means pass from the law till all is fulfilled” (Matthew 5:17-18). 

First, it says that Jesus did not come to destroy the Law or the Prophets but to fulfill them.  The word “destroy” (kataluo) can mean “to overthrow i.e., render vain, deprive of success, bring to naught” (Thayer). The first word “fulfill” (pleroo) means “to make full…to complete” (Thayer). The second word “fulfilled” (ginomai) can mean “bring to be” (Thayer).  Jesus did not come to deprive the Law and the Prophets of success.  Instead, He came to “fulfill” them and He did (Luke 24:25-27; 24:44-47; Acts 3:18; 8:30, 35; 17:11; 18:28; 26:22-23; 28:23).

Second, it says that not the smallest detail will pass away until all be fulfilled.  The reference is to the things concerning the Christ (cf. Luke 24:25-27; 24:44-47; John 19:28; Acts 3:18, etc.).  The word “till” tells us what will happen up to that point in time, not what happens afterwards.  Things may change afterwards (e.g. Matthew 1:25; Luke 15:4, 8; 16:16; Acts 23:12, 21); or, things may not change (e.g. Genesis 46:34; 2 Samuel 6:23; Matthew 28:15; Acts 23:1). 

Third, it says till heaven and earth pass not one jot or one tittle would pass from the law till all be fulfilled.  The reference to “heaven and earth” is an idiom of certainty.  Luke 16:17 reads, “It is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one tittle of the law to fail.”  Wayne Jackson comments, “Until the time of its final goal arrived… it would be easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for the Mosaic law to be abrogated” (Wayne Jackson, A New Testament Commentary, p. 9).

Fourth, notice that it not only mentions the Law, but also the Prophets.  [The Hebrew Bible was sometimes divided into two major parts: the Law and the Prophets (Matthew 5:17; 7;12; 11:13; 22:40; Luke 16:16; 16:29; 24:27; John 1:45; Acts 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Romans 3:21).  It was sometimes divided into three major parts: the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms or Writings (Luke 24:44; Josephus Against Apion 1:38-40).  Jews today commonly call their Bible the Tanakh (T=Torah, Law; N=Nevi’im, Prophets; K=Ketuvim, Writings)].  If this passage teaches that the Law and the Prophets continue, then more is in view than The Ten Commandments.

Posted in denominations, Doctrine, josephus, Old Testament/New Testament, Sabbath, Seventh Day Adventists, Word Study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Should We Keep the Sabbath? (Part 2)

Posted on June 9, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

In this lesson, we will continue to consider some common arguments for observing the Sabbath.

Arguments For

11.  Another Rest Not Mentioned

This argument is based on Hebrews 4:8, which reads, “For if Joshua had given them rest, then He would not afterward have spoken of another day.”  This is interpreted to mean, “If Jesus had given another day of rest, wouldn’t he have spoken of this day?” 

First, this is not a question.  There is no question mark.

Second, while “Jesus” is mentioned in the Greek, the reference is to Joshua.  “Jesus” is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrews “Joshua” (cf. Acts 7:44-45).  Consider also, “In the book of Hebrews, the name Jesus appears 14 times.  Each time it is used with descriptive terms such as Christ, the Son of God, high priest, author and finisher of our faith, and the great Shepherd, or used in the context of shedding his blood for our sins.  Every single occurrence is accomplished by a description that removes any doubt that the Jesus being discussed is Jesus Christ, the Son of God, except Hebrews 4:8” (Kevin L. Cunningham, The Sabbath, The Law and the New Covenant, p. 51).    

Third, the context should be considered.  The point that is being made is that God, through David, spoke of another day of rest (Hebrews 4:7 cf. Psalm 95:6-11).  Stan Crowley comments, “Although these verses (Psalm 95:6-11 B.H.) refer to the failure of the Israelites to enter their rest (i.e., the Promised Land), there is at the same time an admonition by the psalmist to harken to God’s voice and not harden one’s heart.  Hence, the Hebrews writer states, “after so long a time’ (the psalmist write five or six centuries after the failure of the Israelites), there is still at the time the psalmist wrote, a day of opportunity, “Today” (Psalm 95:7).  The conclusion is that the offer of rest in the land of Canaan must not have been… the ultimate rest… we see that the ultimate rest was not the Promised Land… It was a rest that was available in the days of the psalmist; it was a rest that was available in the days of the Hebrews writer… the rest spoken of is the eternal rest available to the obedient believers who are faithful to the end” (editor Devin W. Dean, Studies in Hebrews, The Gospel Journal Commentary Series, p. 101).  This is an exhortation to enter into the Promised Land of Heaven (cf. Hebrews 3:7-11; 4:1-3). 

12.  There remains a rest

This argument is based on Hebrews 4:9, which reads, “There remains a rest for the people of God.”  Some understood this to mean that the Sabbath-day is still to be observed. 

The context must be considered.  The context is the same as in the previous discussion of Hebrews 4:8.  The heavenly rest is in view, not the weekly Sabbath-day.  “Rest,” in context, refers to the Promised Land (Hebrews 3:10-11. 17-19; Psalm 95:10-11 cf. Numbers 14:29-33).

13.  Constantine

It is asserted that Constantine changed things.  Constantine changed the Sabbath-day from the seventh day of the week to the first day of the week.  Constantine made the first day of the week the day which Christians assemble to worship.

First, let me clarify that the Bible does not teach that Sunday, the first day, is a Sabbath-day or the Christian Sabbath.  Men do sometimes use such language.  The Bible does not. 

Second, the evidence indicates that Christians were assembling for worship on the first day of the week long before Constantine (Emperor of Rome from 306-337 A.D.).   Consider: (1) Justin Martyr (c. 100-165 A.D.).  He said, “And on the day called Sunday there is a gathering together in the same place of all who lived in a city or a rural district… we make our assembly in common on the day of the sun, since it is the first day on which God changed the darkness and matter and made the world, and Jesus Christ our Savior arose from the dead on the same day.  For they crucified Him on the day before Saturn’s day, and on the day after (which is the day of the sun) he appeared to his disciples…” (Everett Ferguson, Early Christians Speak, pp. 67-68 quoting Apology I, 67:1-3, 7). (2) Ignatius of Antioch (death c. 107-110 A.D.).  “If therefore those who lived according to the old practices came to the new hope, no longer observing the Sabbath but living according to the Lord’s Day, which also our life arose through him…” (Everett Ferguson, p. 67 quoting Magnesians 9).  (3) Tertullian (c. 150-222 A.D.) “Other… suppose that the sun is the god of the Christian, because it is well-known that… we regard Sunday as the day of joy” (Everett Ferguson, p. 68 quoting To the Nations I:13).  (4) Epistle of Barnabas (late first century or early second century A.D.).  “We keep the eighth day for joy, on which also Jesus arose from the dead…” (Everett Ferguson, p. 67 quoting the Epistle of Barnabas 15:8f).  (5) The New Testament record.  Acts 20:7, “Now on the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread…” 1 Corinthians 16:2, “On the first day of the week let each one of you lay something aside…”  Why is the first day specified?  Why not the Sabbath?  Why do we not read, “Now on the Sabbath day, when the disciples came together…”?     Third, what did Constantine do?  I would suggest that he decreed in 321 A.D. what we might call Blue Laws.  He decreed, “On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and the people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed.  In the country, however, persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because it often happens that another day is not so suitable for grain-growing or for vine-planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost” (Philip Schaff, History of The Christian Church, vol. 3, p. 380 quoting Cod. Justin. lib.3, tit. 12. 3).  He later exempted the liberation of slaves on Sunday (Schaff, Vol. 3, p. 105, quoting Cod. Theodos. lib. 2.  tit. 8).    

14.  Catholic Church

Some have appealed to statements made by Roman Catholics e.g. Bertrand Conway (1873- 1950) wrote in the Question Box, “What Bible authority is there for changing the Sabbath from the seventh to the first day of the week?  Who gave the Pope the authority to change a command of God?  If the Bible is the only guide for the Christian, then the Seventh Day Adventist is right in observing the Saturday with the Jews.  But Catholics learn what to believe and do from the divine, infallible authority established by Jesus Christ, the Catholic Church, which in Apostolic times made Sunday the day of rest to honor our Lord’s resurrection on that day (Question #266, babel, hathitrust.org). 

First, there is no evidence in the Scripture that the first day was made a day of rest in Apostolic times. Constantine did this.

Second, while the New Testament does not explicitly teach that the first day is to be the day of Christian worship, it does provide us an example of the disciples coming together on the first day of the week “to break bread” (Acts 20:7 cf. Acts 2:42; Matthew 26:26). 

Third, since when do we turn to Roman Catholics to establish doctrine? 

15.  The Ten Commandments Special

It is sometimes argued that The Ten Commandments are special.  (1) The Ten Commandments were written by God (Exodus 31:18; 32:15-16; 34:1; Deuteronomy 4:13; 5:22; 9:10; 10:2-3).  The rest of the law was written in a book by Moses (Deuteronomy 31:24).  (2) The Ten Commandments were placed in the Ark (Exodus 25:16 cf. 31:18; 40:20; Deuteronomy 10:4-5).  The rest of the law was placed by the side of the Ark (Deuteronomy 31:24-26).

First, I agree The Ten Commandments were special.  The seem to be foundational principles to the Covenant (cf. Exodus 34:27). 

Second, it should be remembered to whom this was given (Exodus 20:1-2; 31:16-17; Deuteronomy 5:1-3; 12:15; Ezekiel 20:10-12; Nehemiah 9:13-14).  The Sabbath was a sign between God and Israel (Exodus 31:16-17; Ezekiel 20:10-12, 20 cf. Genesis 17:10-12).  Foy E. Wallace Jr. mused, “If all nations were commanded to keep the Sabbath, how could it be a sign between God and one nation?” (Foy Wallace Jr., God’s Prophetic Word, p. 328).  Guy Caskey remarked, “A sign is something special, not general… I wear a wedding band on the third finger of my left hand.  It is a sign between me and one woman.  It is not a sign between me and every woman… so the Sabbath was given to Israel as a sign between that nation (not all nations) and God” (Guy Caskey, A Reply to an Adventist, p. 86).

Third, special does not prove that it is binding on all men, or on men today (Romans 7:4, 6-7 cf. Exodus 20:17; Deuteronomy 5:21).

Posted in denominations, Doctrine, History, Old Testament/New Testament, Sabbath, Seventh Day Adventists | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Should We Keep the Sabbath? (Part 1)

Posted on June 7, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

What is the Sabbath?  The Hebrew word in its verbal for means “cease; desist” (BDBG).  The Israelites were instructed that they were to keep a weekly Sabbath on the seventh day of the week (Exodus 20:8-11; Deuteronomy 5:12-15).  No ordinary work was to be done on this day (Exodus 16:16-24; 20:8-11; 34:21; 35:1-3; Numbers 15:32-36; Deuteronomy 5:12-15; Nehemiah 13:19-22; Jeremiah 17:21-22).  Basic needs could be met (cf. Exodus 12:16).  Mercy could be showed (Luke 14:1-5; Matthew 12:1-7 cf. Hosea 6:6).  However, it was not to be an ordinary day of work.

Furthermore, the word Sabbath was (is) used by Jews for the seventh day.  The rest of the days are commonly referred to by their number – first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth (sometimes called the day before Sabbath, or preparation day).  However, the seventh day was (is) commonly called Sabbath day (Jewish calendar, jewfaq.org; Days of the Week in Hebrew, lp.eteacherhebrew.com).

Some, such as the Seventh-day Adventist and the Seventh-day Baptist, teach that Christians (and even all of humanity) should keep the Sabbath.  Furthermore, some teach that the Sabbath-day is the day that the church should assemble and worship. 

In this lesson, we will consider some common arguments for this position.  Let’s notice…

Arguments For

1.  Creation

It is argued that the Sabbath was set aside for humanity to keep from Creation.  Read Genesis 2:2-3.

First, let us point out that there is no indication that anyone kept the Sabbath prior to the Exodus.  There is no command to keep it.  There is no example of anyone keeping it.  There is no punishment mentioned for anyone who did not keep it. 

Second, let us ask who wrote the book of Genesis?  It is commonly understood to be Moses.  Josephus indicates that Moses wrote five of the Old Testament books, “which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death” (Against Apion 1-8).

It seems at least possible that this has reference to Israel.  Guy V. Caskey suggested, “When did God bless and hallow it?  When he gave it to Israel to observe, because in it he had rested” (G.V. Caskey, A Reply to An Adventist, p. 15).  The Sabbath was a sign between God and Israel (Exodus 31:16-17 cf. Genesis 17:10-12).  It commemorated the Exodus (Deuteronomy 5:12-15).  Their work week was to be based on God’s creation week (Exodus 20:8-11). 

Even if humanity began to keep the Sabbath in patriarchal times, this would not prove that the Sabbath is still binding on man or the day of worship for Christians.  We need New Testament evidence.

2.  Before Sinai

The children of Israel observed the Sabbath before Sinai (Exodus 16:23-30 cf. Exodus 20:8-11).  It is inferred from this that it was not revealed at Sinai for the first time.  Man must have known of it through the ages.

This is unwarranted.  There is no record of anyone keeping the Sabbath prior to Exodus 16.  Moreover, the record suggests otherwise (Deuteronomy 5:1-3, 12-15; Ezekiel 20:10-12; Nehemiah 9:13-14).

3.  Remember

It says “Remember the Sabbath” (Exodus 20:8).  It is thought that “remember” suggests that this was an ancient practice.

It does no such thing.  Read Exodus 13:3 cf. 12:51. 

4.  Perpetual/Forever

It is argued that the Sabbath is still bound because of the words “perpetual” (Exodus 31:16) and “forever” (Exodus 31:17). 

First, who is addressed?   It is the children of Israel that is being addressed (Exodus 31:16-17).

Second, the Hebrew word (olam) translated “perpetual” and “forever” is sometimes used in the dispensational sense, i.e., “age-lasting.”  It is used of many things which Sabbatarians consider no longer binding, e.g., (1) Circumcision (Genesis 17:13-14); (2) Passover (Exodus 12:14); (3) Show bread (Leviticus 24:9); (4) Aaronic Priesthood (Exodus 40:15 cf. Hebrews 7:12); (5) Trumpet blowing (Numbers 10:8).

The words “throughout your generation” (Exodus 31:13-16) is also emphasized by some.  However, this wording is also used of many things which Sabbatarians consider no longer binding, e.g., (1) Passover (Exodus 12:14); (2) Feast of Unleavened Bread (Exodus 12:17); (3) Aaronic priesthood (Leviticus 7:36 cf. Hebrews 7:12); (4) Unclean laws (Leviticus 22:3); (5) Israelite garments (Numbers 15:38). 

5.  Jesus

It is argued that Jesus kept the Sabbath (Luke 4:16; 4:31; 6:5; 13:10).  I agree that He did [He also had many conflicts over human traditions concerning the Sabbath (Matthew 12:1-8; 12:9-14; Luke 13:10-17; 14:1-6; John 5:1-16; 9:13-34)].

Let us remember that Jesus lived under the law of Moses (Galatians 4:4).  He also kept the Passover and the Feasts (Matthew 26:18; John 2:13; 2:23; 5:1; 7:2, 10; 11:55 cf. 12:1, 12-13). 

6.  Paul

It is pointed out that Paul preached on the Sabbath (Acts 13:14-ff; 13:42-ff; 16:13-ff; 17:2-ff; 18:4).  He did so.

First, while the Synagogue is used to evangelize, the record does not say anywhere that the early church met to worship and partake of the Lord’s Supper on the Sabbath.

Second, in Corinth, there is no Sabbath after Paul turns to the gentiles (Acts 18:4-6, ff).

Third, Paul taught daily (Acts 19:9; 20:31 cf. 5:42).  This does not prove that the Lord’s Supper is to be partaken daily. 

7.  Jerusalem

It is suggested that since Jesus said “Pray that your flight may not be in winter or on the Sabbath” (Matthew 24:19), it must be that the Sabbath would still be kept by Christians when Jerusalem fell.

It proves no such thing.  The context does not concern worships of Christians.  It concerns the difficulties that may be involved in escaping Jerusalem.  Jerusalem was a walled city.  It was the practice of Jews to shut the gates of the city on the Sabbath (cf. Nehemiah 13:9-22).

8.  Heaven

It is asserted that the Sabbath will be kept in heaven (Isaiah 66:22-23).  

First, even if this refers to heaven, this does not prove what we are to do as Christians on earth.  Consider: Marriage (Hebrews 13:4 cf. Mark 12:18-20).

Second, this text also mentions the “New Moon.”  Are we to keep this? (Colossians 2:14).

Third, I do not believe that this refers to heaven.  It speaks of “all flesh” (cf. 1 Corinthians 15:50).  I believe that this is borrowed language from Judaism, language familiar to the people of Israel’s day, used to speak of all flesh (Jew and Gentile) worshipping together in the Christian age.

9.  Ceremonial Law/Moral Law

It is claimed that there is a difference between Ceremonial Law and Moral Law.  They believe that Ceremonial Law was taken away at the cross.  However, Moral Law (contained in the Ten Commandments) has not been taken away.  These are God’s eternal moral principles for man.   First, there are moral laws found outside of the Ten Commandments (e.g., Exodus 22:14; 22:21; Leviticus 19;14; 19:17; Deuteronomy 10:19).  When Jesus was asked about what the greatest commandment was, He referral to two passages outside of the Ten Commandments (Matthew 22:36-40 cf. Deuteronomy 6:5; Leviticus 19:18).  [Sabbatarians suggests that these words sum up the Ten Commandments.  Deuteronomy 6:5 is said to sum up the first four commandments.  Leviticus 19:18 is said to sum up the last six commandments].

Second, this distinction is not found in scripture.  Consider: Romans 7:4, 6, 7 (v.7 cf. Exodus 20:17; Deuteronomy 5:21).  Consider: 2 Corinthians 3:7-11 (verse 7 cf. Exodus 31:18; 32:19; 34:1, 4, 28-29; Deuteronomy 10:4-5; 1 Kings 8:9; 2 Chronicles 5:10).

10.  Morals

It is supposed that if The Ten Commandments are not binding, then stealing and other things would not be prohibited.

First, nine of the Ten Commandments are repeated in the New Testament.  (1) No other gods before Him (Exodus 20:3 / Acts 14:15; 1 Thessalonians 1:9).  (2) No graven images for worship (Exodus 20:4-6 / Acts 15:29; 1 Corinthians 5:11; 6:9; 10:14; Colossians 3:5; 1 John 5:21).  (3) No taking of the Lord’s name in vain (Exodus 20:7 / Matthew 6:9).  (4) Keep the Sabbath (Exodus 20:8-11 /?).  (5) Honor father and mother (Exodus 20:12 / Ephesians 6:1-3; Colossians 3:20; 1 Timothy 5:3-4, 4, 8, 16). (6) Shall not murder (Exodus 20:13 / Romans 13:8-10; 1 Peter 4:15; 1 John 3:15).  (7) Shall not commit adultery (Exodus 20:14; / Matthew 5:27-28; 19:9; Romans 13:8-10; 1 Corinthians 6:9-ff; Galatians 5:19; Hebrews 13:4).  (8) Do not steal (Exodus 20:15 / Romans 13:8-10; 1 Corinthians 6:9-ff; Ephesians 4:28; 1 Peter 4:15).  (9) No false witness (Exodus 20:16 / Ephesians 4:25; Colossians 3:9; Revelation 21:8).  (10) Shall not covet (Exodus 20:17 / Matthew 5:27-28; Romans 13:8-10; 1 Corinthians 5:9-11; 6:9-10; Ephesians 5:3; Hebrews 13:5).  It seems significant that the Sabbath is not repeated in the teaching of the New Testament. 

Second, consider an illustration.  Texas has been called the “Six Flags State.”  It has been under the laws of: (1) Spain (1519-1685; 1690-1821); (2) France (1685-1690); (3) Mexico (1821-1836); (4) Republic of Texas (1836-1845); (5) The U.S.A. (1845-1861; 1865-present); (6) the Confederacy (1861-1865).  No doubt certain things such as murder, theft, rape, etc., were illegal under each of these flags.

Posted in denominations, Doctrine, Old Testament/New Testament, Phrase Study, Sabbath, Word Study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

The Jerusalem Council

Posted on May 12, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

The Jerusalem council (or conference) occurred c. 50 or 51 A.D.  The reason for this meeting concerned a controversy in the church.  Did gentiles need to be circumcised and keep the law (of Moses) to be saved?  (Acts 15:1-5).  Some Judean believers of the sect of the Pharisees were teaching that they did.  Paul and Barnabas, who had recently completed what is commonly referred to as Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13-14), were in strong opposition to this.     Acts 15 mentions three speeches.  (1) Peter spoke (Acts 15:7-11).  He reminded them that God had sent him to the gentiles (Cornelius’ house cf. Acts 10-11).  Yet, he was not instructed to bind circumcision or the law of Moses on them.  (2) Barnabas and Paul (Acts 15:12).  They spoke of how God had worked miracles and wonders by them among the gentiles.  Yet, they were not instructed to bind circumcision or the law of Moses on the gentiles.  (3) James spoke (Acts 15:13-21).   He pointed out that the prophets of old spoke of gentile inclusion (e.g., Amos 9:11-12).  Yet, it was not said that they had to first become circumcised and keep the law of Moses.  However, he did point out four things that the gentiles should be taught to abstain from: (a) things polluted by idols; (b) sexual immorality; (c) things strangled; (d) blood.  These are things which have been taught in every dispensation [Patriarchal – (1) idols (Gen. 35:2); (2) fornication (Gen. 38: 24; 39: 7-9; (3) blood (Gen. 9:4).  Mosaic (1) idols (Exodus 20:3, 23); (2) fornication (Leviticus 20; Deuteronomy 22:13-ff); (3) blood (Leviticus 17:10-11; Deuteronomy 12:16, 23). Christian – (1) idols (1 Corinthians 5:11; 10:14; 1 John 5:21); (2) fornication (Galatians 5:19; 1 Corinthians 6:9, 18; Ephesians 5:3; Colossians 3:5; 1 Thessalonians 4:3; 1 Peter 4:3); (3) blood (Acts 15:20; 21:25)].  Why these things?  James Burton Coffman comments, “These prohibitions do not imply that other sins of dishonesty and immorality were permitted.”  Instead, this probably refers “to sins ‘which were so common among the gentiles that they were not even recognized as wrong until Christian teaching denounced them’” (Coffman Acts p. 299 quoting Orin Root). 

The meeting concluded with the apostles, elders and the church united.  A letter was written showing this unity.  It was sent to the gentile brethren in Antioch, Syria and Cilicia (Acts 15:22-29).

All of this is background to the real subject that I wish to address.  Some today use Acts 15 to justify church councils, synods, and conventions to settle disputes and to set a uniform position for all the local churches.  This is what I wish to address. 

Consider these points: (1) It should be recognized that if Paul’s authority had been properly recognized, the meeting would have been unnecessary (cf. Galatians 1:1, 11-12; 1 Thessalonians 2:13). Paul’s teaching was from God.  (2) It should be recognized that while it is true that the church at Antioch wanted Paul and Barnabas to take the issue to the apostles and elders at Jerusalem (Acts 15:1-2), Paul actually went up by revelation (Galatians 2:1-2).  God revealed to him that he should go up to this meeting.  (3) The decision that was stated in the letter was made by the authority of the Holy Spirit and inspired men (Acts 15:28).  (4) The decision did not come by a vote of uninspired men.  There was unity expressed.  The Holy Spirit and inspired men provided the statement.  The record does not speak of the matter being decided by a majority vote.  In fact, it does not speak of a vote. 

Why did God instruct Paul to attend this meeting?  I believe that the meeting provided the opportunity for a show of unity.  Consider: (1) Those who taught that the gentiles must be circumcised and keep the law of Moses were claiming to be in agreement with (and authority from?) James and the apostles (Acts 15:23-24 cf. Galatians 2:11-12).  Their claim was that Paul was the one teaching false doctrine.  (2) The meeting demonstrated and declared that Paul was one with James and the apostles.  James, Cephas, and John gave Paul and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship (Galatians 2:9-10 cf. Acts 15:22-29).

What about today?  There may be times when it is beneficial to meet with others and discuss doctrine.  However, here are some things that should be understood: (1) Right and wrong is not determined by a vote (e.g., Exodus 23:2).  (2) One local church has no authority over another local church (Acts 14:23 cf. 1 Peter 5:1-4).  There is no direct statement, account of action, or implication which teaches otherwise.

Posted in church, Church Organization, Fellowship, Textual study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

John’s Baptism and New Testament Baptism

Posted on May 4, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

Through the years, I have been asked various questions about John’s baptism.  Here are a few: (1) What was the purpose of John’s baptism?  (2) What is the difference between John’s baptism and New Testament baptism?  (3) Did those who were baptized with John’s baptism need to be later rebaptized with New Testament baptism?

Here are my thoughts.

1.  What was the purpose of John’s baptism?   

John’s baptism was “a baptism of repentance for the remission of sins” (Mark 1:4; Luke 3:3).  (1) It was a baptism of repentance.  The wording “of repentance” is in the genitive case.  It describes in some way baptism.  Daniel B. Wallace comments, “There are various possible interpretations of this phrase: ‘baptism is based on repentance’ (causal), ‘baptism that points toward/produces repentance’ (purpose or production), ‘baptism that symbolizes repentance.’  In light of such ambiguity, it may well be best to be non-committal: ‘baptism that is somehow related to repentance” (Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond The Basics, p. 80).  He is correct concerning the grammar.   However, the full context helps.  John taught, “Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand!” (Matthew  3:2) and “Bear fruits worthy of repentance (Matthew 3:8).  John’s baptism was to accompanied by repentance. (2) It was a baptism for the remission of sins.  The word translated “for” (eis) also appears in Matthew 26:28 and Acts 2:38, two passages worth comparing.  The basic meaning of the word is “into,” or “in” (William D. Mounce, Basics of Biblical Greek, p. 62).  Vine’s says, “of a place entered or of entrance into a place, into… used metaphorically… (it) retains the force of entering into anything.”  Wesley J. Perschbaucher says, “into… in order to, with a view to… to become, result in” (The New Analytical Greek Lexicon).  John’s baptism was for the purpose of forgiveness of sins.

2.  What is the difference between John’s baptism and New Testament baptism?

Part of the reason that some are confused is due to the fact that they had certain things in common.  (1) Both are to be accompanied by repentance (Matthew 3:7-8/Acts 2:38).  (2) Both involve a confession (Mark 1:4-5; Matthew 3:5-6/Acts 8:36-37).  (3) Both are for the remission of sins (Mark 1:4; Luke 3:3/Acts 2:38).  (4) Both involve water (Mark 1:8-10; John 3:23/Acts 10:47-48).

However, there are also some significant differences which should not be overlooked.  (1) The view of the Messiah is different.  John’s baptism looked forward to the Messiah being fully revealed.  John taught, “that they should believe on Him who would come after him, that is on Christ Jesus (Acts 19:4 cf. Mark 1:5-8; Matthew 3:11; Luke 3:16; John 3:28-30).  New Testament baptism looks back to the fact that the Messiah has come and also to the abiding results of His work.  New Testament baptism symbolizes the death, burial, and resurrection of the Messiah who came (Romans 6:1-5).  Jesus is preached before New Testament baptism (Acts 2:36-38 cf. 3:14-19; Acts 8:12; Acts 16:30-34).  New Testament is based on the acceptance of Jesus as Lord and Christ (Acts 2:36-38).  It is in the name of Jesus Christ (Acts 2:38), that is “on the authority of.”  (2) The confession is different.  John’s baptism involved a confession of sins (Mark 1:4-5; Matthew 3:5-6).  New Testament baptism certainly acknowledges sin (Acts 2:36-38; 3:19; 22:16).  But there is more. It includes belief in the Messiah. It includes another confession.  New Testament baptism involves belief in Jesus (Acts 2:36-38; Acts 8:12; Acts 8:35-38) and confession of this belief (Acts 8:36-38; Romans 10:9-10, 13.  See also – Matthew 16:15-18; 1 Timothy 6:12; Hebrews 10:23 cf. 1 Timothy 1:1). 

3.  Did those baptized with John’s baptism need to be later rebaptized with New Testament baptism?   

I am not convinced that they did. (1) At least some of Jesus’ disciples were first disciples of John (John 1:35-42).  Yet, I do not find clear indication that they were rebaptized. It is certainly possible that they were. However, there is no clear indication that they were. (2) In Acts 2:41, we read, “Then those who gladly received his word were baptized; and that day about three thousand souls were added to them.”  The words “to them” are supplied in the NKJV.    However, whether it is “to them” or “to the church” ( cf., Acts 2:47) they were added to something.  Let us remember that the church is composed of people. Guy N. Woods remarked, “One does not add something to nothing” (Guy N. Woods Question and Answers, Freed-Hardeman College Lectures Open Forum, Vol. 2, p. 135). (3) My theory is this.  Just as David gathered the materials to be used in the Temple prior to Solomon building the Temple (1 Chronicles 29), even so John also gathered materials to be used in the Temple (church) prior to Jesus actually building (erecting) it.  It seems likely to me that those who had been baptized with John’s baptism and who accepted Jesus as the Christ were a part of the church that was established on Pentecost.  This theory was first shared with me by Johnny Ramsey.  It makes sense to me.  Guy N. Woods also taught this position.  He said, “the body of disciples which became the nucleus of the New Testament church on the day of Pentecost consisted of John’s disciples, plus those garnered by the Lord and his associates prior to the day of Pentecost” (ibid). {It is worth pointing out that John and Jesus preached much the same things. Notice: (a) Both preached the coming Kingdom (Matthew 3:1-2/ Matthew 4:17). (b) Both preached the need for repentance (Matthew 3:1-2/ Matthew 4:17). (c) Both baptized (Mark 1:4/ John 4:1-2). Jesus did not personally baptize, but his disciples did [John 4:1-2 is ambiguous in English. Did Jesus baptize only His disciples or did the disciples do the baptizing? It is not ambiguous in Greek, since disciples is in the nominative case and not the accusative]}

What about those rebaptized at Ephesus (Acts 19:1-7)?  In the previous chapter, Apollos was still preaching the baptism of John (Acts 18:24-26).  It was only after Aquilla and Priscilla explained things more accurately to him, that we are told that of Apollos preaching Jesus (Acts 18:26-28).  I believe that those rebaptized at Ephesus had been baptized with John’s baptism long after New Testament baptism had gone into effect.  Guy N. Woods said, “The twelve who were baptized by Paul at Ephesus (Acts 19:1-ff) were these who had submitted to John’s baptism after the day of Pentecost, after the baptism of the Great commission became effective, after the beginning of the Christian dispensation” (ibid). 

Here are a couple of other things to consider.  (1) John’s baptism was spoken of in the past tense during Jesus’ life (Matthew 21:25).  (2) There is no record of anyone being baptized in Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John after John’s imprisonment.

Whether you agree with my answers or not, let us remember something.  None of us have been baptized when John’s baptism was in effect.  It does not directly affect us. 

However, there is an application to us today.  If we have been baptized in a way or with an understanding that is not consistent with the New Testament baptism, there is precedent for rebaptism.

                      

      

Posted in baptism, Cofession, Repentance, Textual study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 2 Comments

Listen to Both Sides

Posted on April 29, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

“He who answers a matter before he hears it, it is folly and shame to him” (Proverbs 18:13).

“The first one to plead his cause seems right, until his neighbor comes and examines him” (Proverbs 18:17).

These verses are cautioning one not to rush to judgment.  Both sides should be heard in a controversy before passing a judgment on a matter.  Aesop is credited with saying, “One story sounds good until another is told” (Aesop, The Man and the Lion).  Thomas L. Seals comments, “A cross-examination often puts the plaintiff’s case in a different light.  We note here also that truth is many-sided.  Even if one person may be right, it is highly possible that his fellow man, who rebuttals against him, may not be entirely wrong.  It is imperative, therefore, that caution be utilized in all courtroom decisions.  Sometimes our narrowness prevents us from seeing various facets of truth.  In all controversies we must learn to openly listen to both sides as we strive to bracket, or set aside, all preconceived ideas” (Thomas L. Seals, Proverbs: Wisdom For All Ages, p. 101). 

The application goes beyond the courthouse.  (1) News and World Events – If one listens to only one viewpoint, then one might not get a complete and accurate representation of the facts.  Some news sources offer up little more than partisan talking points. At times, I have found that I can find more news about what is going on in my own country, and less politics from foreign news sources. I have at times consulted multiple news sources, and even foreign news sources on a matter.  I believe that there is wisdom in this. (2) Religious Controversies – If one is trying to understand a religious controversy it is best to hear the evidence from both sides, and not just one side.  Intentionally or unintentionally, sometimes one side will misrepresent the other side.  For example, some have taught that we, in the church of Christ, believe in a works based, and not grace based, salvation because we believe that we must be baptized.  This is a misunderstanding and/or misrepresentation.  If we want to study with others, we should first seek to accurately understand their position.  Reading denominational material may be helpful.  Note of Caution: I only recommend this to those already mature and well-grounded in scripture.  Reading or watching debates is a great way to see both sides.  I believe that it is one of the best ways to truly see both sides under the light of cross-examination. I try to watch, listen to, or read one short (one day debate) religious debate each week, or a longer debate (multiple days debate) each month. I find this very helpful in understanding the thinking and arguments of others. It is my experience that the more one accurately understands the doctrine position and terminology of others, the easier it is to have productive studies with them. Note of caution: Again, I only recommend this after one has a firm grasp of the scriptures. 

(3) Relationships With Others – It happens all the time.  Someone whispers or openly circulates an accusation against another.  We should not be quick to believe such.  Sometimes misunderstandings occur.  The children of Israel almost went to war over a misunderstanding (Joshua 22).  Eli misunderstood Hannah (1 Samuel 1).  Sometimes people lie.  Potiphar’s wife lied about Joseph (Genesis 39).  Naboth was put to death on false accusations (1 Kings 21).  Nehemiah was lied about (Nehemiah 6:5-ff).  Some lied about Jesus (Mark 14:57-58; Matthew 26:60b-61 cf. John 2:19-21).  Paul was misrepresented (Acts 17:6-7; 21:20-21; cf. 16:1-3; 21:28). Elders and preachers are often misrepresented, sometimes unintentionally, and sometimes intentionally. This has been my experience. We should make sure that we have all the facts.

[A preacher’s rant: The preacher’s biblical duty is to “Preach the word.” It has been said that job of a preacher is to comfort the afflicted (i.e., provide comfort for those hurting emotionally, or spiritually) and to afflict the comforted (i.e., make those comfortable in sin uncomfortable with their sin, and challenge those comfortable in their complacency to do more). While I do not believe that this saying fully sums up the role of a preacher, it does contain some truth. However, I have found that some do not want to be challenged. Some seem to believe that the role of the preacher is to comfort the afflicted and to keep the comforted comfortable. When this is not done, sometimes there is a storm of controversy, and some even resort misrepresentation, or have an ear for misunderstanding]

Paul wrote, “Do not receive an accusation against an elder except from two or three witnesses” (1 Timothy 5:19).  Those in public positions and/or leadership positions are often magnets for criticisms and accusations. The passage is warning against rushing to judgment without adequate evidence [Note: Evidence Can Serve as a Witness (John 5:31-36; 1 John 5:9; 2 Peter 1:18-19)].

What if after nearing the evidence, one still is unsure of the truth?  One does not have to decide every matter.  God will.  “Some men’s sins are clearly evident, preceding them to judgment, but those of some follow later.  Likewise, the good works of some are clearly evident, and those that are otherwise cannot be hidden” (1 Timothy 5:24-25 cf. Ecclesiastes 12:14; Romans 2:16).

Many problems could be avoided if we would practice The Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12).  Consider the poem, Before You Gossip (from J.J. Turner’s commentary on James) –

“If you have heard a bit of gossip I tell you what to do;

That before you tell another, Just suppose it had been you.

Just suppose that the latest scandal had been on your love or you

And only half the details, Really had been partly true.

Circumstances strange and new, All conspiring to mix-up…

Just suppose, my friend, ‘twas you. Would you wish folks to repeat it…?

So, before you tell another, Just suppose it had been you”

By Edith Dahliby

Posted in Church discipline, Ethics, Evidence, Fellowship, Judgment, Proverbs, Textual study, Tongue | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment

Eternity in the Heart

Posted on April 20, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

“He has made everything beautiful in its time.  Also, He has put eternity in their hearts, except that no one can find out the work that God does from the beginning to end” (Ecclesiastes 3:11). 

1.  Time

“He has made everything beautiful in its time.”  Some believe that this refers to creation.  God made everything.  “Then God saw everything that He had made, and indeed it was very good” (Genesis 1:31).  Time, as we know it, began with creation. 

However, contextually, the words seem to refer to the cycle of life.  “To everything there is a season, a time for every purpose under heaven” (Ecclesiastes 3:1-ff).  Nothing under heaven is permanent.  People are born, and people die.  The seasons change.  There is a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted.  Still, there is beauty in this life. 

Consider what the writer said about the joys of this life: (1) Work – “I made my works great, I built myself houses, I made gardens and orchards… my heart rejoiced in all my labor” (Ecclesiastes 2:4-5, 10).  (2) Family – “Live joyfully with the wife whom you love…” (Ecclesiastes 9:9).  (3) Life and Nature – “Truly the light is sweet, and it is pleasant for the eyes to enjoy the sun” (Ecclesiastes 11:7).  (4) Youth – “Rejoice, O young man,  in your youth…” (Ecclesiastes 11:9). 

2.  Eternity

“Also, He has put eternity in their hearts.”  There is in the heart of man a longing for something more than this temporal world can provide. Consider the words of the writer: (1) Work – “Then I hated all my labor in which I had toiled under the sun, because I must leave it to the man who will come after me.  And who knows whether he will be wise or a fool?  Yet, he will rule over all my labor in which I have shown myself wise under the sun.  This also is vanity.”  (Ecclesiastes 2:18-19).  (2) Wealth – This did not provide lasting satisfaction.  “He who loves silver will not be satisfied with silver; Nor he who loves abundance, with increase. This is also vanity” (Ecclesiastes 5:10).  (3) Family – “Live joyfully with the wife whom you love all the days of your vain life…” (Ecclesiastes 9:9).  Family is good (Genesis 2:18; Proverbs 18:22; 31:10; 10:1; 15:20; Psalm 127:3-5).  However, something is still missing without eternal hope.  (4) Life and Nature – “But if a man lives many years and rejoices in them all, yet let him remember the days of darkness, for they will be many.  All that is coming is vanity” (Ecclesiastes 11:8).  (5) Death – “As it happens to the fool, it also happens to me, and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my heart, ‘This also is vanity.’  For there is no more remembrance of the wise than of the fool forever, since all that now is will be forgotten in the days to come.  And how does a wise man die?  As the fool!” (Ecclesiastes 2:15-16).  “For what happens to the sons of men also happens to animals; one thing befalls them: as one dies, so does the other.  Surely, they all have one breath; man has no advantage over animals, for all is vanity” (Ecclesiastes 3:19). 

Is there more? (1) Abraham, we’re told, “Waited for the city which has foundations, whose builder and maker is God” (Hebrews 11:10 cf. 11:14-16).  (2) David spoke of a deceased son, “I shall go to him, but he shall not return to me.” (2 Samuel 12:23).  (3) Solomon, in this book of Ecclesiastes (his authorship is inferred from Ecclesiastes 1:1; 1:12; 1:16; 2:8-9), spoke of judgment to come (Ecclesiastes 3:17;11:9; 12:13-14). (4) Martha believed in the resurrection (John 11:23-24).  (5) Things are more fully revealed and become clearer under the New Testament.  Life and immortality have been brought to light through the gospel (2 Timothy 1:10). 

3.  God

“No one can find out the work that God does from beginning to end.”  The Hebrew word (matsa’) occurs in several other places in this book (Ecclesiastes 7:14, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 8:17).  The word can mean “figure out, comprehend by study” (ESV Study Bible). 

In context, a distinction is being made between God and man.  While man may long for, and seek, eternal life (Ecclesiastes 3:11; Romans 2:6-11), man is not God.  Man may find out certain things in this life (e.g. Ecclesiastes 7:29).  However, he does not know or control the future (Ecclesiastes 7:13-14; 8:17).  God is in control (Ecclesiastes 8:13).  God’s thoughts are much higher than our thoughts (Isaiah 40:12-14; 55:8-9; Job 41:11; Romans 11:34-35).  He has prepared amazing things for us, and these things are only known through revelation (1 Corinthians 2:9-10).

While we do not know the future, the faithful can take comfort in the fact that God is in control.  John Waddy comments, “The faithful servant of God can console himself in the recognition that somehow God is working all things together for his good” (Romans 8:28).  The man trying to live life apart from God has no such consolation” (John Waddy, Ecclesiastes and Song of Solomon, pp. 23-24). 

                                                

Posted in Ecclesiastes, God, life, Man, Textual study, Word Study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Our Great God

Posted on April 12, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

Proverbs 25:2 reads, “It is the glory of God to conceal a matter, but the glory of kings to search out a matter.”  What is the meaning?  One writer comments, “The roles of God and the King are compared.  God, whose knowledge is above all human knowledge (cf. Psalm 92:5; Ecclesiastes 3:11; Isaiah 46:10; Acts 15:18; Hebrews 4:13), and whose ways are unsearchable (cf. Job 5:9; Psalm 145:3; Isaiah 40:28), keeps things to Himself because He needs no counsel (see Romans 11:34).  On the contrary, kings should seek to know what they must know in order to rule righteously” (John MacArthur, The MacArthur Bible Commentary).  I do believe this to be the meaning. 

However, let’s approach this another way.  Nature reveals the glory of God (e.g., Psalm 8:3; 19:1; Romans 1:20).  When Kings (or rulers) look into creation it reveals God’s glory (whether they understand it or not). The micro search reveals the glory of God.  Think about DNA.  Wayne Jackson writes, “Though the DNA contains a very definite code for the production of living things, the message per se does not reveal its origin… The important point here is this: a programmed message is not self-explanatory in terms of origin.  One must assume that someone write the initial program.  A program does not write itself!” (Wayne Jackson, The Human Body: Accident or Design? p.10-11).  Norman Geisler and Frank Turek write, “Richard Dawkins… admits that the message found in just the cell nucleus of a tiny amoeba is more than all thirty volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica combined, and the entire amoeba has as much information in its DNA as 1,000 complete sets of Encyclopedia Britannica.  Now we must emphasize that these 1,000 encyclopedias do not consist of random letters but of letters in a very specific order – just like real encyclopedias.  So, here’s the key question… if simple messages such as ‘take out the garbage -Mom’ ‘Mary loves Scott’ and ‘Drink Coke’ require an intelligent being then why doesn’t a message 1,000 encyclopedias long require one?” (Norman Geisler and Frank Turek, I Don’t Have Enough Faith to be an Atheist, p. 116).

DNA evidence has changed some minds.  Antony Flew renounced his atheism, after considering DNA evidence.  “DNA research, he said, ‘has shown, by the almost unbelievable complexity of the arrangements which are needed to produce life, that intelligence must have been involved’” (Antony Flew, Philosopher and Ex-Atheist Dies at 87 by William Grimes, April 16, 2010, nytimes.com). 

The macro search also reveals the glory of God.  Think about Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.  They were launched in 1977.  I was 12 years old at the time.  Their primary missions was to fly by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.  They have now been traveling through space for more than 44 years.  Voyager 1 left our solar system and entered interstellar space in 2012.  Voyager 2 entered interstellar space in 2018.  Voyager 1 is reportedly traveling at 38,000 miles-per-hour.  Voyager 2 is reportedly traveling at over 35,000 miles-per-hour (Voyager.jpl.nasa-gov).  Voyager 1 is reportedly over 14 billion miles from earth or more than 155 AU.  Voyager 2 is reportedly over 12 billion miles from earth or nearly 130 AU (ibid).  AU or Astronomical Unit is a unit of length equal to the mean distance between Earth and the Sun (astronomical unit, Britannica.com).

Space is vast.  The moon is an average of about 240,000 miles from earth.  The sun is an average of about 93 million miles from earth.  However, these things are relatively near.  “If we drew a map of the milky way galaxy, and represented the earth and the sun as two dots one inch apart (thus a scale of one-inch equals 93 million miles…) We would need a map at least four miles wide to locate the next nearest star and a map 25,000 miles wide to reach the center of our galaxy (Bert Thompson and Wayne Jackson, The Case of the existence of God, p. 19). 

Think of the number of stars.  It is estimated that the unaided human eye can potentially see 3,000 stars in the night sky under the right conditions.  However, there are far more.  Carl Sagan estimated that there could be 10 billion trillion stars (Carl Sagan, Billions and Billions, p. 3) Whatever the number, it is large.

What are we to make of this?  Some claim that this shows man’s insignificance.  Others claim that this suggests that there may be other life out there.  I believe that the lesson to take away is: How great our God is! (cf. Psalm 8:3; 19:1). 

   Oh Lord my God, when

I in awesome wonder

consider all the works

Thy hands have made,

I see the stars, I hear

the rolling thunder,

Thy pow’r thru–out

the universe displayed!

Then sings my soul,

My Savior God, to Thee;

How great Thou art,

how great Thou art!

Then sings my soul,

My Savior God, to Thee;

How great Thou art,

how great Thou art!

(How Great Thou Art by Carl Boberg)

Posted in Eccesiastes, God, Government, Man, Nature, science, Stats | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Be Still And Know

Posted on April 7, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

It is easy to become myopic (nearsighted) in one’s view of life.  There are the cares and concerns of this world.  There are current events and the issues of the day.  There is the steady stream of information and news, much of it bad.

However, there is a bigger picture.  Sometimes, we need to be reminded of this.  God says, “Be still, and know that I am God; I will be exalted among the nations, I will be exalted in the earth!” (Psalm 46:10).

1. Be still

The Hebrew word is raphah.  It has been defined to mean “sink, relax, abate” (BDBG).  It is translated different ways by translators of this passage.  Some translate it “Be still” (KJV, ASV, NKJV, ESV).  Some render it “cease striving” (NASB), or “stop your striving” (NET).

Who is addressed, and what is meant?  (1) Some believe that this is addressed to the enemies of Israel.  These nations were being told to cease their warring against Israel (cf. Psalm 46:5-6, 8-9).  (2) Others, including me, believe that this is addressed to Israel.  They were to stay calm and not panic, but trust in the LORD (cf. Psalm 46:3, 5, 7, 11).    In times of crisis, we need to stay calm and remember that God is in control.  “We know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose” (Romans 8:28).  “Yet in all things we are more than conquerors through Him who loved us” (Romans 8:37). 

2.  Know that I am God

Israel needed to keep God before their eyes.  In context, they were to consider what He had done in the past (cf., Psalm 46:6, 8).  Moreover, the writer affirmed that God was with them (cf. Psalm 46:7, 11).

In times of crisis, do not forget God.  Remember the big picture.  Continue to trust Him.  “For He Himself has said, ‘I will never leave you nor forsake you.’ So we may boldly say: ‘The LORD is my helper; I will not fear.  What can man do to me?’” (Hebrews 13:5-6 cf. Deuteronomy 31:6, 8; Joshua 1:5; Psalm 118:6).  “If God is for us, who can be against us?” (Romans 8:31). 

Leroy Brownlow has written on Psalm 46.  He said, “Though the earth gets bumped out of orbit and spins endlessly through space, though the mountains be carried and dumped into the seas.  We will not fear.  When everything is stripped from us (mate, child, career, health), when life gets as bad as it can be, when times are as tough as they can get – we have a refuge, a strength, we have God!  While we must never forget that God is our refuge, we must firmly believe that he is my God, my strength, my helper.  Unless the promises of God become personal to me, they lose their power for me.  With these assurances, maybe we can stop relying so heavily on earth-made tranquilizers and trust more on heaven made tranquility” (Leroy Brownlow, A Psalm In My Heart, Psalm 46:1).

3.  I Will Be Exalted

Twice this is stated in the verse.  First, He says that He will be exalted among the nations.  Then, He says that He will be exalted in the earth.  This is parallelism

What is the meaning?  Albert Barnes suggests, “The defeat of the armies of Sennacherib were eminently fitted to make a deep impression on the world that the true God of the Hebrew people was the true God” (Barnes Notes, Psalms Vol. 2, p. 45).  The ESV Study Bible suggests, “He will indeed see to it that the mission of Genesis 12:1-3 is accomplished.”  Likely, this does refer to God’s work which will exalt or glorify His name on the earth.

However, we should seek to be instruments through which He is glorified on earth (Matthew 5:16; 1 Corinthians 6:20; 10:31; Philippians 1:20; 1 Peter 2:11-12).  Even in times of crisis, this should be our desire.  We have a work, a purpose, to be accomplished in life.  May we remember the big picture.

Posted in Faith, fear, God's Providence, Mental Health, Peace, psalms, Textual study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment

Spiritual Growth: (#3) Motivation/Necessity

Posted on March 29, 2022 by Bryan Hodge

Johnny Ramsey was one of the instructors when I attended Brown Trail School of Preaching.  One of his classes was General Epistles (James – Jude).  He taught us to remember each chapter by one key point.  He provided the following key points for the book of 2 Peter: (1) Ingredients of Spiritual Growth; (2) Opponents of Spiritual Growth; (3) Motivation and Necessity of Spiritual Growth.

In this lesson, we will consider the last point.  Let us notice.

1.  Motivation

“But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat: both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up” (2 Peter 3:10).

The day of the Lord will come.  The phrase “the day of the Lord” refers to “the day of judgment” (2 Peter 3:7).  This phrase occurs many times in the Bible, with some judgment in view (e.g. Isaiah 2:12; Joel 1:15; 2:1; 2:11; 2:31; 3:14; Malachi 4:5; 1 Thessalonians 5:1-2; 2 Peter 3:10). 

The day of the Lord will come as “a thief in the night.”  A thief does not ordinarily announce the exact date and time that he will come (cf. Matthew 24:42-44).  We do not know when the day of the Lord will come.  We need to be ready for it, whenever it comes.

The day of the Lord will be an awesome day that changes life as we know it.  (1) The heavens will pass away with a great noise.  The term “heaven” is used of the earth’s atmosphere (Genesis 1:20; Jeremiah 4:25).  The term “heaven” is also used of outer-space (Genesis 1:14-17; Psalm 19:1-6).  (2) The elements will melt with fervent heat.  The word “elements” (stoicheion) means “any first thing from which the others belong in some series or composite whole takes their rise… the elements from which all things have come, the material cause of the universe” (Vine’s).  (3) The earth and the works in it will be burned up.  There is a textual variant.  Some translations follow manuscripts which read katakaio, which is translated “burned up” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NKJV).  Some translations follow manuscripts which read heurisko, which is translated “laid bare” (NIV) or “exposed” (ESV).  Brian Kenyon comments, “Even if the latter is what Peter actually wrote, it does not change the meaning of the overall context.  ‘Will be exposed’ would have reference to the fact that the earth will not offer any hiding place… for the ungodly to escape judgment (cf. Hebrews 4:13; consider also Revelation 6:12-17).  Again, the overall context is complete destruction of the entire created order…” (Editor Tommy J. Hicks, A New Heaven and A New Earth, p. 327, Lubbock Lectureship Southside Church of Christ).  Let us point out, 2 Peter 3:12 reads, without variant, “The heavens will be dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat.”

“Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, what manner of persons ought you to be in holy conduct and godliness, looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat?  Nevertheless, according to His promise, look for new heavens and new earth in which righteousness dwells.  Therefore, beloved, looking forward to these things, be diligent to be found by Him in peace without spot and blameless” (2 Peter 3:11-14).

Righteousness matters.  Since it is the case that: (1) The day of the Lord (Judgment Day) is coming; (2) The material things of this universe will not endure; (3) However, a new heavens and new earth have been promised [The phrase new heavens and new earth appears four times in the Bible (Isaiah 65:17; 66:22; 2 Peter 3:13; Revelation 21:1).  The phrase is used of a new realm of existence following a major event] – holiness and godliness, spiritual things matter.  It has been said (credited to H.G. Wells), “If there is no God, nothing matters.  If there is a God, nothing else matters.”  C.S. Lewis is credited with saying, “Christianity, if false, is of no importance, and if true, of infinite importance.  The only thing that it cannot be is moderately important.” 

2.  Necessity

“Grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (2 Peter 3:18). This is in the present tense and in the imperative mood. It seems to be a command. “The imperative mood serves a two-fold function.  It is the mood used in commands, and it is the mood employed in petitions (e.g., prayers)” (Wayne Jackson Treasures from the Greek New Testament, p. 16).  “The imperative mood is the mood of intention… The imperative is most commonly used for commands… with the aorist, the force generally is to command the action as a whole… with the present, the force is generally to command the action as an ongoing process” (Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond The Basics, p. 485).  Christians are to continue to grow.

Some things continue to grow throughout their lives.  One site lists 25 animals that never stop growing: (1) Goldfish; (2) Timber rattlesnake; (3) Lobster; (4) Rougheye Rockfish; (5) Crocodile; (6) Galapagos Tortoise; (7) Small Mouth Bass; (8) Goliath Bird-eating Spider; (9) Green Anaconda; (10) King Crab; (11) Shark; (12) Kangaroo; (13) Quahog Clam; (14) Blanding’s Turtle; (15) American Bison; (16) Lungfish; (17) Labord’s Chameleon; (18) Reticulated Python; (19) Komodo Dragon; (20) Tuatara; (21) Coral; (22) Yellow-legged frog; (23) Desert Turtle; (24) Cottonmouth; (25) Chinese Giant Salamander (25 Animals That Never Stop Growing, thecoldwire.com).  Furthermore, some plants likewise never stop growing.  One site says of trees, “At some point, their height is more or less fixed… But trees continued to add width to their trunks” (Do Trees Ever Stop Growing? earthsky.org).  One study suggests that tree growth increases with age (An Old Tree Doesn’t Get Taller, But Bulks Up Like A Body Builder, January 16, 2014 NPR, npr.org).  Christians should continue to grow (cf. 1 Thessalonians 4:9-10; 2 Thessalonians 1:3). 

We are to grow in grace (favor) and knowledge.  To grow in knowledge means to continue to learn and understand more.  To grow in grace means to grow in one’s walk with God.  Albert Barnes comments, “‘to grow in grace’ is to increase in that which constitutes true religion” (Barnes’ Notes, studylight.org).  Adam Clarke comments, “Increase in the image and favour of God” (Clarke Commentary, studylight.org).  There is always room for growth. 

Spiritual growth is so important.  Peter warned that some untaught (unlearned, KJV; ignorant, ASV, ESV) and unstable people twist (wrest, KJV, ASV) the scriptures to their own destruction (2 Peter 3:16).  May we be cautious, “rightly handling the word of truth” (2 Timothy 2:15, ESV), and may we continue to grow.

Posted in be ready, Bible Study, christian growth, Textual study, Textual varients, Word Study | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment