Ethics: Sex (Part 2)

Posted on April 9, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

America’s view of homosexuality has radically changed through the years. Did you know that at Valley Forge Lieut. Enslin was court-martialed for attempting sodomy with a soldier, John Monhort? George Washington wrote that he “approves the sentence with abhorrence and detestation of such infamous crimes (and) orders Lieut. Enslin to be drummed out of camp tomorrow morning … never to return” (David Barten, Original Intent, p. 306). Did you know that Thomas Jefferson authored a Virginia bill punishing sodomy by castration (ibid.)? Did you know that prior to 1973, the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality as a psychiatric illness (Jeffery Stinover, M.D., Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth, Chapter One)? Today homosexuality is no longer seen as evil, or even illness by many. A CBS News/N.Y. Times poll suggests that 42% of the Americans support the right of same sex couples to marry (www.cbsnews.com).

Homosexuality is gaining acceptance around the world. Ten countries now allow same-sex marriages: Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Sweden (www.cbc.ca). Five U.S. states have legalized same-sex marriages: Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont (Wikipedia).

Old Covenant

1. Genesis 19 tells us how the men of Sodom wanted to know Lots guests (Note: a similar thing happened later in history. See Judges 19). It also records the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Defenders of homosexuality have claimed that Sodom’s destruction wasn’t the result of homosexuality. Instead, it was the result of: (1) long-standing sinful behavior (Genesis 13:13; 18:20-ff; 2 Peter 2:7-8). (2) inhospitality and pride (cf. Ezekiel 16:48-49). (3) The situation in Genesis 19 involves not simply homosexual behavior, but attempted homosexual rape. (4) Some claim the issue was not the desire for these men, but the desire for angels.

It is true that those of Sodom had a long-standing history of sin (Genesis 13; Genesis 18; 2 Peter 2:7-8). It is true that they were guilty of many sins including inhospitality (cf. Ezekiel 16:48-49). However, they were also guilty of “having given themselves over to sexual immorality and gone after strange flesh” (Jude 7). Note: The men of Sodom did not know that the guests were angels. They thought that they were men (cf. Genesis 19:5). They desired their flesh (Jude 7). Yet, angels do not have flesh. These angels appeared like men.

The attempted rape argument might seem a possible way around this passage. However, one still needs Biblical authorization for homosexuality.

2. Leviticus 18:22 reads, “You shall not lie with a male as with a woman. It is an abomination.”

Defenders of homosexuality say that it is not homosexuality that is being forbidden here. Instead, they insist that it is the treatment of a man as an inferior. One man illustrated it this way saying, “When Moses said, ‘do not lie with a male as a woman,’… Moses means exactly the same as if he had said ‘do not talk to a king as with a slave…’” (Dr. Paul R. Johnson, Eaves-Johnson’s: A Debate on Homosexuality, p.36-37). In other words, it is not a sin to talk to a king, but to talk to him as a slave. It is not wrong to lie with a man. It is wrong to lie with him as if he were a woman.

In response: (1) Read Leviticus 20:13. The same phrase “as with a woman” appears. Notice that whatever this sin is, it involves both parties. It is not rape that is in view. (2) Where, we ask, is the passage authorizing homosexual relations? (3) Compare Leviticus 18:22-23 with Leviticus 20:10-13. Is it attitude or act being condemned? Notice that bestiality is discussed in context.

Some defenders of homosexuality have argued that what really is being condemned in old covenant passages such as Leviticus 18:22 is not homosexuality itself. Instead, it is homosexuality connected with idol worship.

However, read Leviticus 18:20, 23 cf. 18:22. Let’s ask, “Should we conclude that adultery and bestiality are permitted so long as these do not involve pagan idol worship?

New Covenant

1. It is claimed that Jesus never spoke on this subject. Therefore, such must have been acceptable to him.

It is true that Jesus never explicitly dealt with the subject, at least not, in what has been recorded for us in Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. He never explicitly taught on bestiality, rape and a host of other things.

However, He did say: (1) that fornication was sinful (Matthew 15:19-20). The word fornication refers to “illicit sexual intercourse” (Vine’s); “Every kind of unlawful sexual intercourse” (Arndt-Gingrich). Homosexuality is not authorized. Therefore, it is under the category of fornication. (2) The apostles would be guided into all truth (John 16:13).

2. Romans 1:26-27 reads, “Even their women exchanged the natural use for what is against nature. Likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust for one another, men with men committing what is shameful, and receiving in themselves the penalty of their error which was due.”

Defenders of homosexuality claim that sexual inversion is the issue in this passage. That is, heterosexuals who turn against their natural inclinations and become homosexual in behavior. It is not speaking of those whom God created homosexuals.

This argument would suggest that God made some homosexual. Questions: (1) Where is the passage which suggests that God made anyone homosexual? (2) Where is the passage which suggests that God ever approves of homosexuality? The bottom line is there is no authority for such behavior.

3. I Corinthians 6:9-11 reads, “Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God?” Do not be deceived. Neither … homosexual [(NKJV (effeminate KJV)] nor sodomites [NKJV (abusers of themselves with mankind KJV)] … will inherit the kingdom of God.”

Defenders of homosexuality sometimes claim, without any legitimate proof, that this passage is not condemning homosexuality itself. Instead, it is claimed that the issue is promiscuous behavior, or some other issue (which is not implied by the text).

The first word means: “soft … esp. of a catamite, a male who submits his body to unnatural lewdness” (Thayer); “soft … esp. of catamites, men and boys who allow themselves to be misused homosexually” (B-A-G).

The second word means: “One who lies with a man as with a female, a sodomite” (Thayer); “a male who practices homosexuality, pederast, sodomite ((B-A-G).

The ESV joins these two items together by simply using the wording “men who practice homosexuality.” A footnote is supplied saying “the two Greek terms translated by this phrase refer to the positive and active partners in consensual homosexual acts.”

4. The real issue is authority. No matter how one explains the passages we’ve listed, there is still the issue of “where is the passage which clearly authorizes such?”

Biblical Examples

Many couples are mentioned in scripture. We read that God created Adam and Eve. We read of Joseph and Mary, Aquilla and Priscilla, and other great couples. Where is the homosexual couple that is approved of by God?

Some think that they have found such approval. Consider:

1. Some have appealed to the relationship between Ruth and Naomi (recorded in the book of Ruth).

Read the book. There is nothing in the account about such a relationship being homosexual. It simply is not there. Naomi wanted Orpah and Ruth to find husbands (Ruth 1:9-ff; 3:1-ff cf. 4:13).

2. The relationship between Jonathan and David is a common appeal. (See 1 Samuel 18:1-4; 20:17, 30, 41; 23:16-18; 2 Samuel 1:25-26).

(a) They kissed (1 Samuel 20:41). This is true. Kissing was a common form of greeting. It occurred between those of the same gender (Genesis 27:26-27; 33:4; 45:15; 48:10; 50:1; Exodus 4:27; 18:7; Ruth 1:9; 1 Samuel 20:41; 2 Samuel 14:33; 1 Kings 19:20; Luke 7:45; 15:20; Matthew 26:49). It occurred between those of different genders (1 Kings 19:20; Luke 7:38). It occurred between relatives (Genesis 27:26-27; 33:4; 45:15). It occurred between friends (1 Samuel 20:41; 2 Samuel 19:39). The fact that they kissed proves nothing.

(b) Their souls were “knit” together (1 Samuel 18:1 cf. 20:17). This word is used elsewhere for a strong attachment between a father and a son (Genesis 44:30). There is nothing in this word which demands homosexuality.

(c) David indicates that Jonathan was “very pleasant” to him (2 Samuel 1:26). There is nothing inherently sexual in this word (cf. Psalm 133:1).

(d) The word “love” is used to describe their relationship (2 Samuel 1:26). This word is used in a variety of ways in the Bible (e.g., it is used of a father’s love of a son: Genesis 22:2; 25:28; 37:3, 4; 44:20; etc.).

(e) This love was said to be “surpassing the love of women” (2 Samuel 1:26). This may mean: (1) that David or Jonathan had a close relationship unusual to men, a relationship closer than women have one with another. (2) that Jonathan was a better friend to David than even his wives had been.

Remember: (1) Jonathan had a son (1 Chronicles 8:34; 2 Samuel 4:4: 9:3-ff; 21:7). (2) David had at least eight wives (1 Samuel 18:27; 25:42-43; 2 Samuel 3:2-5; 5:13; 1 Chronicles 3:1-9) and ten concubines (2 Samuel 15:16). He had at least nineteen sons (2 Samuel 3:2-5; 5:13-14; 1 Chronicles 3:1-9), plus daughters (2 Samuel 5:13; 13:1; 19:5; 1 Chronicles 3:9). They clearly were not homosexuals.

3. Some have appealed to the relationship between Jesus and John.

(a) John is referred to as “the disciple whom Jesus loved” (John 13:23; 19:26; 20:2; 21:7; 21:20). What about it? Jesus had an especially close relationship with Peter, James, and John (Mark 5:37; Matthew 17:1-8; Mark 13:3; Matthew 26:36-46).

(b) John leaned upon Jesus’ breast (John 13:23, 25; 21:20). Guy Woods has written “in keeping with customs then prevailing not only in the Jewish world but also among the Romans, the Persians and Greeks, the disciples were reclining at the table… It was customary to stretch one’s self out on a couch, the left arm supporting the body, leaving the right hand free to use in eating. Situated next to Jesus at the table was the disciple ‘whom Jesus loved’… John was on the right side of Jesus, his head level with the bosom of Jesus” (A Commentary on The Gospel According to John, p. 292-293). John was situated the closest to Jesus. Being in the bosom of another, was synonymous with closeness (cf. John 1:18; Luke 16:23), not homosexuality.

One can imagine homosexual relationships into the Biblical text. However, the truth is there is not one passage which can be used to establish an approved example of homosexuality in the scriptures.

Genetics?

A common argument is that the homosexual can’t help it. He/she was genetically programmed that way.

The facts: (1) No “gay gene” has been found. (2) If the answer were purely genetic then one would expect consistency in identical twins. One study by J. Michael Bailey and Richard C. Pillard found a concordance rate for non-twin brothers of 9.2 percent. The concordance rate for non-identical twins of 22 percent (remember that non-identical twins have the same degree of genetic similarity as non-twin siblings). The concordance of identical twins was 48 percent (though, they are 100 percent genetically the same). Clearly, genetics alone is not an adequate explanation (Jeffery Staninover, M.D., Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth, p. 82-ff).

There was a study in 1991 by Dr. Simon Levay at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies that has been appealed to by many. The study found subtle differences in the post-mortem brain tissue of homosexuals and heterosexuals. (1) A cluster of neurons (INHA) was found to be smaller in homosexual men than in heterosexual men. In fact, they were of similar size to those in women. The thing to keep in mind is that all nineteen of the homosexual subjects died of complications from AIDS, a disease which decreases testosterone levels resulting in smaller INAH (Brad Harrub and Dave Miller, This is the way God made me, Reason and Revelation, Aug. 2004). (2) The study also found another cluster (INAH3) was twice as large in the homosexual man as in heterosexual men or in women. This does not explain how this area became so large. “One fascinating NIH study found that in people reading Braille after becoming blind, the area of the brain controlling the reading finger grew larger (Satinover, p. 79). (3) The study was based upon the assumption that the non-AID subjects were heterosexual. The study thus is questionable. (4) Levay himself said, “It’s important to stress what I didn’t find. I didn’t prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn’t show that gay men are born that way…” (Harrub, Miller).

Ten Percent?

Alfred Kinsey published a survey in 1948 indicating that 10% of American males were homosexual. Kinsey’s sample was flawed. He got his information mostly from institutional settings and not the general population. “Newsweek’s Patrick Rogers reports ‘New evidence … suggests that ideology, not sound science, has perpetuated a 1-in-10 myth. In nearly half a century since Kinsey, no survey has come close to duplication his findings. Most recent surveys place gays and lesbians at somewhere between 1 and 3 percent’” (F. LaGard Smith, Sodom’s Second Coming, p. 42 quoting from Patrick Rogers, How Many Gays Are There, Newsweek Feb. 15, 1993). The ten percent figure is used to demonstrate that this is not that abnormal.

Remember this point “Morality … has absolutely nothing to do with statistics … no amount of Nazi consensus in Germany could justify Hitler’s systematic slaughter… If gays constituted 99 percent of the general population, their case for moral legitimacy would not improve by even one percent” (ibid. p. 51-52).

Health

Homosexuality is not a healthy life style. The average age of death for a homosexual man is between 39-42 (Harrub, Miller). “The American Psychiatric Association Press reports that ‘30 percent of all 20 year old gay men will be HIV positive or dead of Aids by the time they are 30’” (Satinover, p. 17).

Good News

Homosexuals can be saved. They can change (1 Corinthians 6:9-11). Though one may have certain inclinations such doesn’t have to be turned into action. Both those with heterosexual desires and those with homosexual desires must learn to manage these desires so as to avoid sin.

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Ethics: Sex (part 1)

Posted on April 7, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

Sex is very much a part of the American life. “The Pill” was introduced to American married women in 1960. Since 1972, “The Pill” has been available to both married and non-married women. “In 2008, Americans spent $3.5 billion on birth control pills” (www.dddmag.com/new-The-Pill-Turning-50 year old). One can hardly turn on the T.V. without being exposed to an E.D. commercial. E.D. drugs became available to men in 1998. Sales have now “hit $1.5 billion or 19 million prescriptions a year” (U.S. News and World Report, Sept. 15-22, 2008, p. 52).

Sex has always been a part of the American life, but American sexual morals seem to have changed. Steven Levitt and Stephen Dunbar write: “Why has the prostitutes wage fallen so far?” Because demand has fallen dramatically… Prostitution, like any industry, is vulnerable to competition. What poses the greatest threat to prostitutes? Simple: any woman who is willing to have sex with a man for free. It is no secret that sexual morals have evolved substantially in recent decades. The phrase “casual sex” didn’t exist a century ago (to say nothing of ‘friends with benefits’)… Imagine a young man … not ready to settle down, who wants to have sex. In decades past, prostitution was a likely option… At least 20 percent of American men born between 1933 and 1942 had their first sexual intercourse with a prostitute. Now imagine the same young man twenty years later. The shift in sexual morals has given him a much greater supply of unpaid sex. In his generation, only 5 percent of men lose their virginity to a prostitute. Moreover, it’s not because he and his friends are saving themselves for marriage. More than 70 percent of the men in his generation have sex before they marry, compared with just 33 percent in the earlier generation…. As the demand for paid sex decreased, so too the wages of the people who provide it (Super Freakonomics, p. 30-31).

Pre-Marital Sex

The average age for first marriages in this country is now 26 for women and 27 for men (www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-young-wed). However, “Americans start having sex in their teens: 63 percent said they lost their virginity at eighteen years or younger” (Dr. Frank Luntz, What Americans Really Want … Really, p. 42). “Cohabitation, once rare, is now the norm… More than half (54 percent) of all first marriages between 1990 and 1994 began with unmarried cohabitation”  (www.marriage.about.com/od/cohabitation). The percent of all births to unmarried women: 38.5% (www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/unmarried).

Things to Remember:

1. Pre-marital sex is sinful (Hebrews 13:4; 1 Corinthians 7:2; 1 Corinthians 6:9-ff; Galatians 5:19-ff; 1 Thessalonians 4:3).

2. Pre-marital sex sometimes has physical consequences.

       (a) “By age 24, at least one in three sexually active people are estimated to have an STD” (Marilyn Morris, Teens Sex and Choice, p. 77). Some of these STDs can have terrible consequences (Chlamydia and gonorrhea can scar the female reproductive system leaving the woman infertile. Syphilis and Aids can kill you).

       (b) “About 1 million teenage girls get pregnant each year. That is 1 out of 5 sexually active girls. Pregnancy is the top reason why teenage girls are hospitalized” (Marilyn Morris, ABC’s of the Birds and Bees, p. 151).

3. Pre-marital sex sometimes has financial consequences.

       (a) “About 50 percent of all unwed mothers go on welfare within one year of the birth of the first child. More than 75 percent … within five years” (Bill Bennett, The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, p. 65).

       (b) “Children of single parents are six times as likely to be poor.” (Rush Limbaugh, See I Told You So, p. 98).

4. Pre-marital sex sometimes has family consequences.

       (a) “When daughters of teen mothers grow up they are 50 percent more likely to have children before they marry.

       (b) When sons of teen mothers grow up, they are 2.7 times more likely to spend time in prison than sons of mothers who delayed childbearing until their early twenties” (ABC’s, p. 151).

5. Giving into your boy friend or girl friend may not bring about a lasting relationship (Read 2 Samuel 13). It may just be the conquest that is truly desired. After he’s had you, he may be on to the next conquest.

6. Cohabitation does not improve marriage. “Sociologist at the University of Wisconsin stated ‘recent national studies in Canada, Sweden and the U.S. found that cohabitation increased rather than decreased the risk of marital disillusion’… Another study documented in the Journal of Marriage and the Family stated that the divorce rate is 50% higher among those who lived together before marriage… An Australian study found that couples who cohabitated before marriage were more likely to divorce than those who did not cohabitate before marriage…” (ABC’s, p. 41).

Extra-Marital Sex

High profile infidelity makes news: Bill Clinton, Elliot Spitzer, Mark Sanford, John Edwards, Jon Gosselin, Tiger Woods. However, it is not just celebrities who are unfaithful. One study from the University of Chicago reported that 25% of men and 17% of women have had an extra-marital affair (www.infidelity-etc.com). Parade Magazine puts the figure at 19% for men and 11% for women (Sept. 21, 2008). Whatever the true figure, it is clear that infidelity is not rare.

Things to Remember:

1. Adultery is sin (Hebrews 13:4; 1 Corinthians 6:9-ff; Galatians 5:19-ff). Moreover, it often leads to other sins (remember David?).

2. Adultery can destroy your marriage. Your spouse may divorce you with God’s approval (Mt. 19:9). “Only 35% of unions survive an extra-marital affair” (www.infidelity-etc.com).

3. Adultery exposes you and your spouse to the possibility of contracting an STD.

4. Adultery could result in unexpected pregnancy (2 Samuel 11:4-5).

5. Adultery can destroy reputation and influence (2 Samuel 12:14).

6. Adultery could bring the wrath of a jealous spouse (Proverbs 6:33-34).

7. Adultery could tie one to an unstable person. Remember the movie Fatal Attraction?

8. One does not have to commit the adulterous act to have improperly acted. Caitin Flanagan writes, “When a married man begins a secret, solicitous correspondence with a beautiful and emotionally needy single woman, he has already begun to cheat on his wife” (Time, July 13, 2009, Why Marriage Matters).

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Ethics: The Environment and Animals

Posted on April 5, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

There is a great divide in humanity over man’s usage of the environment and animals.  This divide has led to terrorism.  “During the past two decades, radical environmental and animal rights groups have claimed responsibility for hundreds of crimes and acts of terrorism, including arson, bombings, vandalism, and harassment, causing over $100 million in damage… Automobile dealerships, housing developments, forestry companies, corporate and university based medical research laboratories, restaurants, fur farms and other industries are targeted across the country” (www.adl.org/ext_us/Ecoterroism.asl).  In 1994, one animal rights group (ARM) “Sent letters… to the Safeway and Save-On Foods grocery store chains advising that rat poison had been injected into frozen turkeys which resulted in the birds on their shelves being thrown away and… over 30,000 returned by customers.   The letters were a hoax, but cost the stores over $1 million” (Terry Hightower, 2005 Contending For The Faith Lectureship: Morals For God or Man?, p. 159).

There are those who no longer seem to recognize a difference between man and animal.  Bill Maher, “To those people who say, ‘My father is alive because of animal experimentation, I say, yeah, well good for you.  This dog died so your father could live.’  Sorry, but I am not behind that kind of trade-off” (ibid, p. 132).  Chris DeRose, “If the death of one rat cured all diseases, it wouldn’t make any difference to me” (ibid).  “Cleveland Amory, when asked on Larry King Live show if he would kill a lamb in order to get insulin needed to save his own child’s life that was dying of diabetes responded, ‘I would not knowingly have an animal hurt for me, or my children, or anyone else'” (ibid, p. 141).  Tom Regan, author of “The Case of Animal Rights,” answered when asked if he was aboard a lifeboat with a baby and a dog, and the boat capsized, which he would rescue?  Regan replied, “If it were a retarded baby and a bright dog, I’d save the dog.”  (ibid, p. 142).

What should a Christian think about his relationship with the environment and with animals?

Principles

1.  Man is a steward over God’s creation.  It is His world (Psalm 24:1; 50:10-12).  God gave man the responsibility of caring for the created world.  We’re told, “The LORD God took the man, and put him into the Garden of Eden to dress [tend (NKJV); cultivate (NASB); work (ESV)] it and keep it” (Genesis 2:15 KJV).

2.  Various passages suggest that God cares how we treat His creation (see: Exodus 23:4-5; Deuteronomy 20:19-20; 22:6-7; 25:4; Proverb 12:10; Matthew 14:20; 15:37; Mark 6:43; 8:8; Luke 9:17; John 6:12-13; 1 Corinthians 9:9-10; 1 Timothy 5:17-18).  We should not be cruel, or torturous of animals (Proverbs 12:10).  We should not be wasteful (Matthew 14:20; 15:37; Mark 6:43; 8:8; Luke 9:17; John 6:12-13).

3.  God has given man dominion over nature (Genesis 1:28-30; Psalm 8:5-8).  (a) Man may use the land: (1) to cultivate (Genesis 2:5; 3:19; 4:2; Job 1:14; 1 Kings 19:19; Jeremiah 4:3; Hosea 10:12; Matthew 13:3-ff; James 5:2.   (2) to build (Jeremiah 29:5; Matthew 21:33, etc.).  (3) to extract resources (Genesis 21:25-ff; John 4:6-ff; Job 3:21 cf. Proverbs 2:4).  (b) Man may use plants: (1) for food (Genesis 1:29; 3:2; Deuteronomy 20:6; Luke 13:6-ff; Matthew 21:19-20; 1 Corinthians 9:7).  (2) for shade (1 Kings 4:25; Micah 4:4).  (3) for lumber (Deuteronomy 19:5; 1 Kings 5:6; Isaiah 44:14-15).  (4) for fire (Isaiah 44:14-15).  (c) Man may use animals: (1) for food (Genesis 9:3; Proverbs 27:27; Luke 11:11-12; John 21:15-ff; Acts 10:9-ff; 1 Timothy 4:1-5, etc).  (2) for clothing (Genesis 3:21; Job 31:20; Matt. 3:4; Mark 1:6. etc).  (3) for their produce, e.g. milk, eggs, wool (Genesis 18:8; Proverbs 27:27; Luke 11:12 cf. Job 6:6; Proverbs 31:13).  (4) for work (Deuteronomy 25:4; 1 Kings 19:19; 1 Corinthians 9:9; 1 Timothy 5:18).  (5) Transportation (John 12:14-15; Acts 8:27-ff, etc.).  (6) Observe—man is even allowed to kill animals to protect and defend property (Exodus 21:28; 23:29; 1 Samuel 17:34-37).  Man is not completely distinct from nature.  He lives in a natural world.  He has natural needs.  He has been authorized to use nature to satisfy his desires and needs within the framework of God’s teachings.

4.  Man is of greater worth than animal life (see Matthew 6:26; 10:29-31; 12:11-12; 18:12-14; Luke 13:15-16; 14:1-5; 15:1-7).  This point is also evident from the record of Mark 5:1-13.  Any equating of animal life and human life to be of equal value is dangerously wrong, and a perversion of God’s design.

Other points

1. Man’s care of the environment can have an affect on his well-being. It was once the rule for major cities to have their streets filled with horse manure “Milwaukee, in 1967 had a population of 350,000 and a horse population of 12,500. It had a daily problem of 133 tons of manure… In 1908, when New York’s population was 4,777,000 it had 120,000 horses. Chicago in 1900 had 83,330 horses. Consider what happens to all of that naturally occurring equine pollution when it rains, or when the sun dries it out and the dust that would be created when the thousands of horses and wagon wheels ran over it and a breeze blew” (Gene Hill, The Sixth Annual Shenandoah Lectures, Biblical Ethics, p. 589). “Up to the close of the eighteenth century, hygienic provisions, even in the great capitals, were quite primitive. It was the rule for excrement to be dumped into the streets which were unpaved and filthy… It was a heyday for flies as they bred in the filth and spread intestinal disease that filled millions… deadly epidemics of typhoid, cholera, and dysentery” (S. L. McMillen, None of These Diseases, p. 13).

2. Man is not going to destroy all human life from the earth before the Lord’s return (1 Cor. 15:51; 1 Thes. 4:17). Let us ever live “looking for the blessed hope and glorious appearing of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (Tit. 2:13). Eternity is coming. This earth is not man’s eternal home.

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ETHICS: Life (Part 3)

Posted on April 2, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

Definition: “Abortion” in this study does not refer to spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) or accidental abortions. The word in this study refers to the voluntary termination of pregnancy.

Abortion is common around the globe. Since Roe v. Wade decision (Jan. 22, 1973), America has aborted about 45 million unborn children. This is approximately equivalent to the combined populations of 24 states: Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming. About 35% of all U.S. women will have an abortion (www. prochoice.org). About 20% of all pregnancies in the U.S. will end in abortion (www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-01-16-abortion-rates). Things are much worse in Russia. “Each year one in five women terminates a pregnancy and 90% of all first pregnancies end in abortion. For every 100 births there are at least 106 abortions.” (F. LaGard Smith, p. 116). China and India use abortions for gender selection (we will say more about this later). This truly is a global issue.

New?

Abortion is nothing new. Ancient writers wrote of such. (1) Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) “I will not give a woman an instrument to procure abortion” (Hippocratic Oath). (2) Josephus (37-100 A.D.) “The law … enjoins us to bring up our offspring and forbids women to cause abortion of what is begotten or destroy it afterward” (Contra A pinion Book II, chp. 24). (3) The Epistle of Barnabas (70-79 A.D.) “You shall not destroy your conception before they are brought forth, nor kill them after they are born” (14:11). (4) The Didache (80-120 A.D.) “Do not murder … Do not kill a fetus by abortion or commit infanticide” (2:2). (5) Clement of Alexandria (150-215 A.D.) said that Christians do not “take away human nature, which is generated by the providence of God by abortions, and applying abortifacient drugs to destroy … the embryo (Pedagogus 2.10.96.1). (6) Tertullian (150-220 A.D.) “But with us, murder is forbidden.… We are not permitted to destroy even the fetus in the womb… It makes no difference whether one destroys a soul already born or interferes with its coming to birth. It is a human being and one who is to be a man, for the whole fruit is already present in the seed.” (Apology, chp. 9, par. 8). (7) Anthenegalos (2nd Century A.D.). “All who use abortifacients … will account to God for their abortions as for killing men” (Embassy for the Christian, Patrologia graeca 6.919). These writings are cited not to establish doctrine, but to demonstrate that our generation is not the first to face this issue.

Science

Does life begin at conception? There are six characteristics considered to be signs of life: (1) reproduction; (2) growth; (3) metabolism; (4) movement; (5) responsiveness; (6) adaptation. Not all of these need to be present for life to exist. However, when a thing has all six of these characteristics it is typically considered to be alive. Brother Marion Fox has written, “The fetus has all of these characteristics prior to birth… These six characteristics are cumulative characteristics of life. If all six characteristics are present, it is generally accepted as undisputed evidence of life. If some thing having these six characteristics were observed on Mars, it would be said to be alive by scientists” (Marion Fox, When is a child a child? B. H.  Bulletin April 11, 2004). Model actress Kathy Ireland told The New American “I was once pro-choice … and the thing that changed my mind was, I read my husband’s biology books, medical books… This life has its own unique DNA … (and) it is growing” (June 16, 2003, p. 27). The unborn is distinct from the mother. It has its own unique DNA (at conception). It has its own unique heartbeat (at 3 weeks). It has its own detectable unique brain wave (at 6 weeks). It has its own unique fingerprints (at 8 weeks). Who can deny that it is life? “From a purely logical standpoint, if life does not begin at conception, then why does the growth process begin at this point?” (Kerry Duke, Ox in The Ditch: Bible Interpretation as the Foundation of Christian Ethics, p. 126).

Scriptures

1. The Bible uses a common word for the born and the unborn. Born Jesus is referred to as a babe (brephos): “You will find a babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger … And they came with haste and found … the babe lying in a manger” (Luke 2:12, 16). Unborn John is referred to as a babe (brephos): “And it happened, when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, that the babe leaped in her womb… For indeed, as soon as the voice of your greeting sounded in my ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy” (Luke 1:41, 44). No distinction is made.

2. Other words used of the living are also used of the unborn. (a) Read Genesis 25:21-22. Esau and Jacob are called children while still in the womb. (b) Read Luke 1:36. Elizabeth conceived a son.

3. The Bible speaks of the unborn as precious (a) Read Psalm 139:13-15. Watch the personal pronouns “My,” “Me,” and “I”. (b) God at times, had plans for the unborn. He had plans for Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:5), John (Luke 1:15, 67 cf. 76-77), and Paul (Gal. 1:15). Cyrus is written of more than one hundred years before he was even born (Isaiah 44:28; 45:1).

4. The Bible uses languages which sound like the unborn is considered life. (a) Read Exodus 21:22-25. “Life for life!” If the harm which follows refers to the harm which occurred to the unborn then it is clear that the Bible considers the unborn life. (b) Read Jeremiah 20:14-18. Observe that the mother’s womb is referred to as a “grave.” A grave is for those who have died.

5. Man should have Bible authority for what he does (Colossians 3:17). There is no direct statement, account of action, or implication in the Bible that abortion is permissible.

Arguments Made

The following are common arguments made in an attempt to defend legalized abortion:

1. Life begins with the first breath. This was Plato’s thoughts on when life begins. Some have defended this view by appealing to Genesis 2:7.

There are problems with this argument. (a) The unborn child receives oxygen even while in the womb via the umbilical cord. (b) Adam was simply dust prior to God’s breathing into him the breath of life. he did not have a beating heart, brain waves, and other bodily functions before the breath of life. An unborn child does.

2. The child may be a living creature. However, it can’t live apart from the mother and therefore has no right to choose its future.

Think of the implication of such a statement. Small newborn children cannot survive without their mother or someone’s care. Neither, can many elderly survive without the case of others. Moreover, one can’t appeal to the Bible to justify this argument.

3. It’s my body, and I’ll do with it what I please.

Is it your body? (a) The unborn is not your body. It is distinct in many ways (Chromosomes, heartbeat, brain waves, fingerprints, etc.). We live in the age of test-tube babies. The unborn can grow outside the womb. (b) Our bodies do not belong exclusive to self. We belong to God. (Ezekiel 18:4; 1 Corinthians 6:19-20; 10:31). We’re to have Bible authority for what we do (Colossians 3:17). We also owe our spouses consideration when it comes to what we do with our bodies (1 Corinthians 7:4).

4. It’s my child. I can do with it what I want.

Really? (a) This argument would allow parents to kill born children. (b) The child belongs to the Lord (Ezekiel 18:4).

5. It prevents the birth of the handicapped.

There are many who were born handicapped, or with the potential for many problems who went on to great things. (a) Tom Dempsey was born with a club right foot. Yet, he could kick a 63-yard field goal. (b) A college professor once told this story, “‘I want your opinion about the termination of a pregnancy. The father had syphilis, and the mother had tuberculosis. Of the four children born, the first was blind, the second died, the third was deaf and dumb, and the fourth had tuberculosis. What would you have done about the next pregnancy?’ ‘I would end it,’ quickly answers one student. ‘Congratulations’ responds the professor. ‘You have just killed Beethoven’” (Smith, when choice becomes God, p. 159). (c) Whose to decide which life is worth living, and which is not?

The bottom line is still authority. We have no authority from God to do such.

6. It prevents unwanted children. Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner argue that the reason crime dropped so sharply in the 1990s is due to abortion (Chapter Four of Freakonomics). They claim “Legalized abortion led to less unwantedness; unwantedness leads to higher crime, legalized abortion therefore, leads to less crime” (Freakonomics, p. 140).

Let’s respond with two points: (a) What if my born children become unwanted by me. Can I end their lives? If not, why not? (b) There still is no Bible authority.

7. What about rape or incest?

Brother Marion Fox has written “What about the cases of rape, incest, or deformity of the child? These questions merely beg the question because they assume the fetus is not a living human being. Do those, who use these cases to prove abortion on demand should be allowed claim a 10-year-old person who was conceived as a result of rape should be killed … (or) an 11-year-old child conceived as a result of incest …” (Bulletin – When is a Child a Child)? Remember this is life of which we are speaking, and there is no Bible authority to end it.

Note: Only about 1% of all abortions are for rape and incest (www.abortion.org).

8. What if the mother’s life is in jeopardy?

Such cases are extremely rare. F. LaGard Smith puts the number at “no more than one-tenth of one percent of all abortions!” (When choice becomes God, p. 201). Dr. Alan Guttmacher (former President of Planned Parenthood) has said, “There are virtually no conditions that threaten the mother’s life in which abortion is a medically recognized treatment. In some conditions (e.g., an ectopic pregnancy or a cancerous uterus), a treatment may be required which indirectly kills the preborn. But in such cases, the treatment does not legally or morally qualify as an abortion. When removing a cancerous uterus the intent is to save the mother, every effort to save the child should still be made. Thus, even if the child dies, the treatment is still fully justified. The death of the child was never intended. In contrast, for an abortion the intent is always the same, to kill the preborn child” (www.all.org).

9. Do you want 10,000 women dying in back alleys?

Dr. Bernard Nathansen said, “It was always 5,000 to 10,000 deaths a year. I confess that I knew the figures were totally false … But in the morality of our revolution, it was a useful figure … In 1967 … the federal government listed only 160 deaths from illegal abortions … In 1972, the total was only 39 … Christopher Tietze estimates 1,000 natural deaths as the outside possibility in an average year before legalization (When Choice Becomes God, p. 215). Admittedly, any death is tragic. However, such in no way justifies the unauthorized taking of life, by the medical community.

10. The Bible doesn’t say anything about it. The New York Times used this point in a 2005 article (Michael Luo, “On Abortion, it’s the Bible of Ambiguity,” July 17, 2005 quoted in Ann Coulter’s Godless, p. 93).

Ann Coulter replied, “It doesn’t have words like child rape either, but that doesn’t mean Christianity is ambiguous on the subject” (ibid, p. 93). When is the Bible authority?

Other Concerns

The use of abortion for gender selection is common in India. “Giving birth to a baby boy is like giving birth to a 401(k) retirement fund. He will be a wage-earning man who can provide for his parents in their sunset years … Girls are so undervalued in India that there are roughly 35 million fewer females than males in the population” (Super Freakonomics, p. 4-5). Girls are a burden. They cost a dowery. Thus, many Indians use ultrasound to prescreen gender. Such use of untrasound is illegal, though common. In the Northern state of Punjabi there are now 20% fewer girls than boys (www.ws;.com/health/2007/04118) ultrasound—fuels—India’s—preference for boys).

China has similar issues. China is now buying so many brides from North Korea that some think such will either be North Korea’s downfall, or they will become aggressive (www.paraunudits.com).

Europe also has problems. “At present birth rates, Europe must bring in 169 million immigrants by 2050 if it wishes to keep its population aged fifteen to sixty-four at today’s levels. But if Europe wishes to keep its present ratio of 4.8 workers … for every senior, Europe must bring in 1.4 billion emigrants … First World Nations are dying … Western fertility rates have been falling for decades … Western women are terminating their pregnancies at a rate that represents auto genocide for the peoples of European ancestry and an end of their nations (Patrick Buchanan, The Death of The West, p. 22-24).

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Ethics: Life (Part 2)

Posted on March 31, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

Definition: Euthanasia is of Greek origin (eu = good, thanatos = death). Euthanasia is some times called “mercy killing.” Euthanasia has the following component parts: (1) one is terminating another’s life (with or without the consent of the one being terminated); (2) for the purpose of (a) sparing the one bearing physical or mental pain, or (b) speeding up what seems inevitable, or (c) sparing the family or society the time and expense of caring for a terminally ill, or permanently incapacitated person.

It is nothing new. The Bible mentions euthanasia: (1) Abimelech had his armorbearer take his life after a woman in a tower had dropped a millstone on his head crushing his skull (Judges 9:52-54). He did not want it said, “A woman killed him” (Judges 9:54). (2) Saul told his armorbearer to take his life, after Philistine archers had severely wounded him on the battlefield (1 Samuel 31:1-5). Saul did not want to be abused by uncircumcised men (1 Samuel 31:4). The armorbearer refused (1 Samuel 31:4). Therefore, Saul took a sword and fell on it (1 Samuel 31:4). (3) An Amalekite boasted to David that he had ended Saul’s life at Saul’s request (2 Samuel 1:1-16). [How does one reconcile this with the previous account of Saul’s death? (a) It is possible that the story was made up in an attempt to gain the favor of David. (b) However, it is likely that the account is true. Josephus writes, “Saul fixed his own sword and flung himself on it. When it failed to penetrate, he begged a young Amalekite to force the sword in. This he did …” (Josephus, The Essential Writings, p. 120-121)]. He came to David with Saul’s crown and bracelet (2 Samuel 1:10). David had the man executed (2 Samuel 1:14-16).

Principles

1. Life is from God (Genesis 2:7; Acts 17:25; 1 Timothy 6:13). “It is He who has made us, and not we ourselves” (Psalm 100:3).

2. All creation belongs to God (Psalm 24:1; 50:10-11; Job 41:11), including man (Ezek. 18:4). Christians should especially understand that they are not their own (1 Corinthians 6:19-20).

3. Man is not his own master (Jeremiah 10:23). The Psalmist had the proper approach to life when he said, “Your word is a lamp unto my feet and a light unto my path” (Psalm 119:105). We should have divine authority for what we do (Colossians 3:17).

4. It is worth noting that all Biblical cases of euthanasia involve the unrighteous (see list paragraph two). Never does one find someone right with God requesting or aiding in euthanasia.

5. When life is difficult, remember Job. He suffered (a) boils head to foot (Job 2:7). (b) intense itching (2:8); (c) difficulty eating (3:24); (d) depression (3:25); (e) parasitic worms and body sores that would run, crust over, and break open again (7:5). (f) shortness of breath (9:18); (g) gnawing pain in the bones (30:17); (h) high fever (30:30); (i) blackened skin (30:30). These conditions continued for months (7:3; 29:2). Yet he never asked for euthanasia.

6. Remember that the difficulties of life do not compare with the things to come (Romans 8:18; 2 Corinthians 4:16-5:1).

7. We should not consider the sick or elderly a burden. The Bible instructs us to show respect and kindness to: (a) the fatherless and widows (James 1:27); (b) parents (1 Timothy 5:8, 16); (c) the aged (Leviticus 19:32; Proverbs 23:22; 1 Timothy 5:1-2); (d) treat others the way we would want to be treated (Matthew 7:12).

Quality of Life

It is argued that euthanasia (or abortion) is justified on the grounds of the person not having a quality of life. There are a few serious flaws with this argument: (1) Who determines quality of life? Some would eliminate those with Down syndrome. Yet, I have known some with this syndrome, who are very happy and enrich others’ lives. Some would eliminate those with less than a certain I.Q. level. Who determines the level? What about Helen Keller? What about Tom Dempsey? (2) There is still that little issue of Bible authority. (3) Some who appear to be terminally ill and without hope have recovered, or gone into remission (see “End of Life Decisions” by B. H. bulletin April 2, 2006. In this article we also discuss when life ends).

Technology

There was a time when most Americans died in their own homes. Now 85% die in institutional settings, such as hospitals, long-term care facilities, and nursing homes (Edward J. Larson and Darrel W. Amundsen, A Different Death © 1998, p. 170; Also, President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine…March 1983, p. 17-18). We have become a people very dependent on medical assistance and technology.

There are concerns. Health care costs are soaring. Health care spending was 5% of GDP in 1960. It is now 16% (Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, Super Freakonomics, p. 80). An overwhelming amount of health care spending is concentrated within the last year of a patient’s life. Nearly 30% of Medicare payments are attributed to patients in their last year of life (Different Death, p. 172).

Must one fight to hold on at all cost? I do not believe that it is wrong to desire death. Job desired it (Job 3:20-21; 6:8-9; 7:15). Someone has remarked, “While it is vanity to throw the gift of life back in God’s face…it is also vanity to clutch too strongly to temporal life when the greater gift of eternal life awaits” (Different Death, p. 174). Paul was not terrified of death, though he was mindful of others (Philippians 1:21-25). Jesus was not terrified of death (Luke 23:46). “So live when thy summons comes to join that innumerable caravan which moves to that mysterious realm when each shall take his chamber in the silent halls of death, Thou go not as a quarry slave at night scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed by the unfaltering trust approach thy grave like one who wraps the drapery of his couch about him and lies down to pleasant dreams…” (William Cullen Bryant).

Must we always exhaust every means available to keep our loved ones alive? I do not believe that we must. There is a distinction to be made between terminating a life and allowing life to naturally end. However, Brad Harrub and Bert Thompson have cautioned, “stopping food and water will undoubtedly lead to death within 14 days. Plainly put, the individual will die from dehydration – not the disease or injury that caused the hospitalization” cf. Matthew 25:31-46 (A Christian Response to ‘End of Life’ Decisions, Reason and Revelation, Aug. 2003, p. 79).

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Ethics: Life (Part 1)

Posted on March 29, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

Definition: Suicide is of Latin origin (sui = of oneself, cidium = a slaying).  The word is used of killing oneself, self- murder.

It is nothing new.  The Bible mentions several who contemplated, attempted, or accomplished suicide [(1) Saul (1 Samuel 31:4-5); (2) Ahithophel (2 Samuel 17:23); (3) Zimri (1 Kings 16:15-ff); (4) Judas (Matthew 27:5); (5) Philippian Jailer (Acts 16:27)].  One historian has written of the Roman world, “Suicide was considered an open door through which a man might escape the woes of the life at any time and that he had a perfect right to avail himself of it.  Pliny looked upon death as one of the best gifts given to man by which a man could remove himself from the miseries of life, and Seneca congratulates the human race on this ‘liberty’ which is in the reach of all” (James Mattox, The Eternal Kingdom, p. 23).

Principles

1.  Life is from God (Genesis 2:7).  “He gives to all life, breath, and all things” (Acts 17:25 cf. 1 Timothy 6:13).  “It is He who has made us, and not we ourselves” (Psalms 100:3).

2. All creation belongs to God (Psalm 24:1; 50:10-11; Job 41:11; Ezekiel 18:4).  This includes man.  God declares, “Behold, all souls are Mine; The soul of the father as well as the soul of the son is Mine” (Ezekiel 18:4).  Christians should understand that they are not their own.  Paul writes, “Do you not know… you are not your own?  For you were bought with a price; Therefore glorify God in your body and in your spirit, which are God’s” (1 Cor. 6:19-20).

3.  One’s purpose on earth is to serve God, not self.  “None of us lives to himself, and no one dies to himself.  For if we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord.  Therefore whether we live or die, we are the Lord’s” (Romans 14:7-8).  We’re to be as Paul, who said, “It is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me” (Galatians 2:20).  Our lives are to be  conduits to His glory (1 Corinthians 6:20: 10:31).  Paul says of Jesus, “All things were created through Him and for  Him” (Colossians 1:16).

4.  Man is not to be his own master.  “The way of man is not in himself, it is not in man who walks to direct his own steps” (Jeremiah 10:23).  The Psalmist had the proper approach to life when he said, “Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path” (Psalm 119:105).  We need to let God’s word lead us down the right path.  We need to have Divine authority for what we do (Colossians 3:17).

5.  It is worth noting that every contemplated, attempted, or accomplished suicide in the Bible involved those who were not right with God (see paragraph two for list).  Not once does one find a man or woman who is right with God taking his or her own life.

6.  When life is difficult, remember Job.  He was a man who experienced: (a) financial ruin (Job 1:14-17); (b) death of employees (Job 1:14-17); (c) death of all of his ten children (Job 1:2; 18-19); (d) serious, debilitating, physical illness (Job 2:4-8).  This illness continued for months on end (Job 7:3; 29:2); (e) an unsupportive spouse (Job 2:9); (f) alienation from friends and family (Job 19:13; cf. 42:11).  Friends blamed him for the death of his children (Job 5:4; 8:4; 17:5; 18:6).  Friends falsely accused him of mistreating the poor (Job. 20:19; 22:5-7).  This may have been motivated by envy.  This may have been motivated by fear of thinking this could happen to anyone (cf. Job 6:21), so Job, they decided, must be guilty of something.

The patience of Job is an example for us (James 5:11).  He, at times, wished to die (Job 3:1-22; 6:8-9; 7:15).  However, he never took it upon himself to end his life.  Moreover, he never turned his back upon God (Job 1:8; 1:20-22; 2:3; 2:9-10; 42:7-9).

7.  When life is difficult, remember what awaits the faithful.  Paul said, “I consider the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed” (Romans 8:18).  Again, “We do not lose heart.  Even though our outward man is perishing, yet the inward man is being renewed day-to-day.  For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory, while we do not look at the things which are seen.  For the things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal.  For we know that if our earthly house, this tent, is destroyed, we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens” (2 Corinthians 4:16-5:1).

8.  Even painful, unpleasant situations can be used by God for good.  Joseph was mistreated by his brothers (Genesis 37:12-ff).  He was sold into slavery (Genesis 37:27-28; 39:1).  He was wrongfully accused of rape or attempted rape (Genesis 39:17-18) and imprisoned (Genesis 39:20).  However, God was using all of this for good (Genesis 50:19-20).

9.  Some take their life thinking that their life is so messed up that it can’t be turned around (e.g. Judas).  However, Peter, after his three denials of the Lord, went on to do great things.  Moreover, Paul that persecutor of the church, went on to do great things.

10.  There’s no second chance on the other side (Hebrews 9:27; 2 Corinthians 5:10). Suicide seals things up for eternity.

Stats

Suicide is common in our culture.  It is the eleventh leading cause of death (2003 Statistic, see www.alphapublications.org).  It is especially prevalent in the elderly (1990 – 2001 study; see www.suicide.org).  It is the third leading cause of death for those between age 10-24 years (2004 statistic, see www.cdc.gov).  Alaska, by far has the highest suicide rate in the country [(2004 statistic, www.suicide.org).  It is nearly four times the rate of Washington D.C.  It is over double the rate of Texas].

Mentally Ill

Some have wondered if all who commit suicide are mentally ill.  Normally men do not wish to harm themselves (cf. Ephesians 5:29).

It is my belief that at least some are capable of rational thought (cf. Philippian jailer).  Why would one of sound mind take his own life?  Several possibilities exist: (a) They may believe in reincarnation.  They can just begin again.  (b) They may believe in no after-life, no eternal reward or punishment.  They can just be done with their misery.  (c) They may believe that God welcomes all into Heaven, as in ‘once-saved-always-saved’.  They think their death will lead them to paradise.  Improper views of the after-life are an explanation of why some of sound mind might choose this end.

I do suspect that many are not of sound mind.  Wayne Jackson has written, “A person can become mentally ill and then, in that state, do things for which they are not morally accountable.  Many of us have seen older folks, or those who have suffered brain damage due to strokes or accidents, do or say things that they would never have done or said during their responsible years.  And so if a person slips into a state of mental illness where they no longer can exercise responsible control over what they are doing, and then in that state commit suicide, surely they will not be held accountable for such irrational conduct.  But remember this: every person is accountable for his or her actions up to the point of losing rationality” (www.christiancourier.com/articles/183-is-a-child-who-commits-suicide-lost).  The Judge of all the earth is all-knowing.  He will render justice.

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Ethics: Body and Brain II

Posted on March 27, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

We are “fearfully and wonderfully made”, a “marvelous” work (Psalm 139:14). However, many are self-destructive and never come close to fulfilling their potential. Dr. Bess Francher observed, “we don’t have much to say about how we look at sixteen. But we are the ones who determine how we look when we are sixty” (S.I. McMillen, None of These Diseases, p. 116). Moreover, it is not just looks. It is mobility and physical ability. It is brain capacity and function.

Drug abuse is one of these destructive habits. We considered a variety of drugs last time. However, we did not consider the most abused drugs of all – alcohol.

Danger
Alcohol is involved in fatal accidents. Drunk driving is involved in about 32% of all fatal accidents (www.madd.org). Even the first drink slows reaction time. “There are subtle physiological effects after one alcohol equivalent drink… overall, intoxication is a matter of degree… a process that begins with the individuals first drink [Letter from Robert C. Bux, M.D., Deputy Chief Medical Examiner of Bexar County (San Antonio) Texas to Lynn Parker dated Nov. 16, 1993].

Alcohol lowers inhibitions. It causes some to lose clothing (Habakkuk 2:15 cf. Country music song, “Tequila makes her clothes fall off” by Joe Nichols). It causes people to do things they ordinarily would not do (Genesis 19:3-36). It has caused young men to “behold strange women” (Proverbs 23:33 KJV). An abstinence program director has written, “Alcohol is the number one reason why teens have sex. Think about it. Alcohol and drugs cause a person to lose self-control” (Marilyn Morris, ABC’s of the Birds and the Bees, p. 293).

It leaves one vulnerable and defenseless. Date rape and rape in general is very possible when one is in an inebriated state.

Most preachers can tell of seeing homes damaged or destroyed by alcohol. Physical abuse, emotional abuse, verbal abuse, financial ruin, and divorce are common by-products of alcohol abuse.

Good wine / Bad wine
The Bible:(1) Sometimes speaks favorably of wine (e.g. Genesis 27:28; Deuteronomy 7:13; Judges 9:13; Psalm 104:14-15; Proverbs 3:10; Isaiah 65:8; Joel 3:18; Zechariah 9:7; John 2:1-11); (2) Sometimes speaks unfavorably of wine (Deuteronomy 32:33; Proverbs 4:17; 23:29-35; 31:4-5; Habakkuk 2:15; 1 Thessalonians 5:4-8).

How do we reconcile those thoughts? (1) Some have suggested that the term “wine” is used in two different ways in the Bible. Sometimes the term is used of alcoholic wine, and this is spoke of unfavorably. Sometimes the term is used of non-alcoholic wine (grape juice), and this is spoke of favorably. This first position is the position I hold. (2) Others suggest that the difference is in quantity. Drunkenness is condemned, but not moderate use of alcoholic beverages. This position is held by most, but not by me.

It is our aim to discern God’s will for us on this subject. Let’s study with an open mind.

Observations
1. It is commonly thought that preserving wine in an unfermented state was impossible in Biblical times.

The truth is history speaks of several methods by which those in Biblical time preserved the juice in an unfermented state. (a) The juice could be boiled down to a thick syrup. This would both prevent fermentation and eliminate and alcohol already present. The thick syrup was called honey (some think that the words “a land flowing with milk and honey” refers to grape honey and not bee honey. The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible lists grape syrup as one definition of “honey”). The boiled down syrup could be eaten in that state, or it could be rehydrated into liquid. This method existed hundreds of years before Christ. (b) Grapes could be dried before the skin was broke, preserved in that condition, and later rehydrated. I have personally seen this method used in Africa. (c) Cold storage was another ancient method, dating back long before the time of Christ. Fresh juice was bottled, and sealed with pitch. It was then submerged deeply in ponds or lakes. If kept below 40 degrees for a month, the bottle could be removed from the water, and kept sealed without fear of fermentation. If fermentation had begun before the submersion, the cold separated the mass. This method was used hundreds of years before Christ. (d) Sulfur Fumigation also existed. The bottles or jars were not filled full. Prior to sealing the bottles, the room was fumigated by burning sulfer. The bottles were sealed with the sulfur fumes still being present in the unfilled portion of the bottles. This inhibited the formation of yeast germs. (e) Writers from the 1st century A.D. speak of filtration methods to remove gluten, thus preventing intoxicating juice (Note: Space has not allowed me to include the abundant historical testimonies which sustain these methods. I recommend for further study “Wine in the Bible” by Samuel Bacchiocchi, “The Bible, and ‘Social’ Drinking” by W.D. Jeffcoat, and “Bible Wines” by William Patton).

2. Many, when they see the term “wine”, immediately think the term necessarily means alcoholic wine. After all, this is generally how we use the term today.

The English term “wine” did not used to imply such. Many dictionaries from time past indicate that the term was generic and could refer to wine fermented or unfermented (grape juice).

The two most common words for “wine” in the Bible are “yayin” (Hebrew) and “oinos” (Greek). These are both generic words.

There are passages in which “wine” clearly refers to unfermented wines. Here are some examples: Genesis 40:11; Josephus commenting on this used the term gleukes, “sweet wine”; Genesis 49:11, notice the parallelism: garment = clothes, wine = the blood of grapes, which is connected in context with “the vine”; Isaiah 16:10, unless this is figurative language, this must refer to grape juice for alcoholic wine is not what is squeezed from the grape literally speaking; Isaiah 65:8, alcoholic wine does not literally abide in the grape; Lamentations 2:11-12, what mother gives infants alcoholic wine? My point is one should not assume when “wine” appears that it necessarily refers to the intoxicating kind.

Arguments for Abstention
1. The Bible warns of the dangers of wine (Proverbs 20:1; 23:29-35). True, these are Old Covenant passages. However, the same dangers still exist.

2. The Bible provides examples of otherwise good men being brought into shameful situations due to alcoholic wine (Genesis 9:20-ff; 19:32-ff). If good men can so fall to its influence, I surely should stay away from such.

3. The Bible counsels that wine be avoided (Proverbs 23:31). In fact, it tells man not to even look upon such. It certainly cannot be wrong to follow this path.

4. We’re taught to “flee youthful lusts” (2 Timothy 2:22) and to “abstain from fleshly lusts which war against the soul” (1 Peter 2:11). Alcohol tends to break defenses down against sinful lusts.

5. We have an enemy trying to spiritually destroy us. Thus we’re told to “be sober” (1 Peter 5:8). The original word means “to abstain from wine” (Strong’s) The word is from ne = not, and piein = to drink. The word is figuratively used of being clear thinking; literally, it refers to not drinking. Can we afford not to be in our clear minds, when we have an adversary seeking to “devour” us? (The original word is from kata = down, and piein = to drink. It is a play on words –don’t drink, for someone wants to drink you down).

6. 1 Thessalonians 5:4-8
The context concerns being prepared for the Lord’s return, as one would want to be for a thief’s entry at night. When a thief breaks in one does not want to be asleep or drunk, but awake and sober. Even so, spiritually, we should want to be found awake and alert when He comes. In other words, we don’t want to be caught unprepared.

The language of 1 Thessalonians 5:7-8 is interesting. The first word “drunk” (methusko) is “an inceptive verb” (Vine’scf.Young`s). The second word “drunk” (methuo) refers to the state of being drunk. These words are positioned opposite of the word “sober” (1 Thes. 5:8), which literally means “not to drink”. Thus, the kind of soberness being taught is the kind which does not even take the first step toward drunkenness.

True this is figurative language. However, this figurative language is based upon the literal illustration. Question: How can one think that he is spiritually sober (spiritually clear thinking), when he isn’t physically sober (physically clear thinking)?

7. There is not one passage which clearly teaches that Jesus, or the apostles never engaged in what we call ‘social’ drinking.

Arguments for Moderation
1. Deuteronomy 14:26 – many versions render this “Wine and strong drink” (NASB, ESV). It is thought that “strong drink” must refer to alcohol. Therefore, the total abstinence view is incorrect.

This original term is shekar. Many scholars believe that this word refers to juice, from sources other than grape, whether fermented or unfermented (William Patton, Bible Wines, p. 51; W.D. Jeffcoat, The Bible and “Social Drinking, p. 23). The New King James Version renders this “wine or similar drink”.

However, even if the term does refer to alcoholic drink, it is an Old Covenant passage. It no more authorizes strong drink today, than other Old Covenant passages authorize worship with mechanical instruments of music.

2. Proverbs 31:4-7

This may justify the medicinal use of alcohol (cf. 1 Timothy 5:23) But it does not justify casual consumption. In fact, the dangers of alcohol are expressed in these verses (Proverbs 31:4-5).

Another point of view is expressed by Jim McGuiggan. He said, “The ‘give’ in verse 6 is not an order or inspired advice to follow… it is more of a ‘leave’ strong drink to those who use it” (The Bible, The Saint and the Liquor Industry, p. 111).

3. John 2:11

Many great lessons can be learned from this passage. It teaches that Jesus sanctioned marriage. It teaches that it is okay to enjoy life, and to celebrate.

It is not a warranted deduction to say this teaches that alcohol is permissible for social drink. The term “wine” is the generic oinos.

True, it is called “good wine” (John 2:10). The term refers to quality, not alcohol content. Grape juice differs in quality. “Plutarch points out that wine is ‘much more pleasant to drink’ when it ‘neither inflames the brain nor infests the mind’s passion’.” (Samuele Bacchiocchi, Wine in the Bible, p. 42 quoting Plutarch, Symposiac 8, 7).

True the term “well drunk” is used (John 2:10). The American Standard Version renders this “drunk freely”. There is nothing in the term which demands intoxicating drink.

4. Matthew 9:17. The common explanation is that new wine skins were to be used due to elasticity. As fermentation occurred within the skins, the skins would be elastic enough to handle such without breaking. This must refer to the acceptable use of alcohol.

The explanation has problems. William Patton explains, “Chambers, in his encyclopedia… says, “The force of fermenting wine is very great, being able if closely stopped up, to burst through the strongest cask. What chance would a goat skin have?” (Patton, p. 66). W.D. Jeffcoat has written, “No skin… could remain whole if fermentation should get under full headway. The carbonic acid gas generated by the process would rupture a new skin almost as rapidly as an old one” (Jeffcoat, p. 66).

The true explanation is that freshly squeezed juice was placed in new skins to prevent fermentation. Old skins would “almost inevitably have some of the sour remains of the former vintage adhering to it” (Jeffcoat, p. 53, cf. Patton, p. 67).

However, some wonder why the parallel teaching, as found in Luke, indicates that the old wine is better (Luke 5:36-39). Doesn’t this indicate alcohol? The answer is not necessarily. “Age improves the flavor not only of fermented wine, but also unfermented grape juice (Bacchiocchi, p. 45).

Further, keep in mind that Jesus is giving an illustration. He is not necessarily approving or disapproving of the “wine.”

5. Matthew 11:18-19
Jesus must have drunk alcoholic wine.

The term “wine” is oinos. It may, or may not refer to alcohol.

The contrast seems to be this: (1) John lived in the wilderness (Matt. 3:1; 11:7), Jesus lived among men; (2) John lived under what appears to be a lifetime nazarite vow (Luke 1:15 cf. Numbers 6:1-23), Jesus ate and drank normally. They lived different lifestyles yet both were criticized for their lifestyles. Some people just can’t be pleased.

Also, remember this is being said by Jesus’ enemies. They also accused Him of casting out demons by the power of Beelzebub (Mark 3:22), and teaching others not to pay taxes (Luke 23:2) – neither of which were true. He associated with sinful men (Matthew 9:10-11), perhaps this was the source of this misrepresentation. If Jesus was really guilty of what they claimed, He was guilty of a sin punishable by death (Deuteronomy 21:20-21).

8. Romans 14:21

The word is the generic oinos. It is joined with the word “meat”. Nothing here demands that alcohol is in view.

The teaching is that we should be willing to forego even morally neutral matters, if necessary, to prevent being a stumbling block
to our brother.

9. 1 Corinthians 11:21. It is argued that the word “drunk” indicates the use of intoxicating beverage.

The word “drunk” is used opposite to “hungry”. The word is being used of a state of fullness. The word is sometimes connected with things like milk, food, water, and wine (Patton, p 87).

Moreover, this is an odd place to look for approval. This passage is a rebuke.

10. Philippians 4:5, The King James Version uses the word “moderation.” Some have thought that this passage should be applied to the consumption of alcohol.

It is true that there are some things we should consume in moderation (cf. Proverbs 25:16). A Christian needs to possess self-control (Galatians 5:23; Titus 2:2; 2 Peter 1:6). We need to be good stewards of all we have, including our bodies (1 Corinthians 6:20; Mark 12:30).

However, this is not the point of this passage. The word “moderation” (KJV) is also rendered “forbearance” (ASV), “gentleness” (NKJV), “reasonableness” (ESV). “The Greek term carries the idea of ‘yieldingness’, ‘gentleness’ or ‘sweet reasonableness’… the term suggests the disposition of one who is willing to forgo his own ‘rights’ in the interest of the higher good of others” (Wayne Jackson, The Book of Philippians, p. 79-80).

11. 1 Timothy 3:3 cf. 3:8; Titus 1:7 cf. 2:3. Defenders of the moderation view make a couple of different arguments from these texts.

(a.) Many stress the distinction between “wine” and “much wine”. They claim that those who would be elders are not to drink, at all; while, those who would be deacons, and women can drink a little.

The adjectives “much” does not necessarily suggest that a little is permissible. Illustration: An elder is not to be “covetous” (1 Timothy 3:3), while a deacon is not to be “greedy of filthy lucre” (1 Timothy 3:8). Does this mean that an elder can’t be greedy for money at all, but a deacon can be, so long as it isn’t “filthy lucre”? Illustration: Does 1 Peter 4:4 allow one to run to riot, so long as it is not to “excess of riot”? Illustration: James 1:21 suggests that it is okay to be naughty, so long as we aren’t of superfluity of naughtiness?

(b.) Some have been quick to appeal to the translations which use wording “addicted to” instead of “given to” (NASB, ESV). It is claimed that what is being condemned is addiction to wine.

The wording in 1 Timothy 3:3 and Titus 1:7 is: me=not; para=with, near, by; oinon=wine. This sounds like total abstinence.

The wording in 1 Timothy 3:8 pros=to, towards; echo=have. This may refer to addiction.

The wording in Titus 2:3 is doulow=to be enslaved. This clearly refers to addiction. It is okay to be addicted to a little, but not much?

Keep in mind that more than once man has been warned to stay away from such (Proverbs 23:31; 1 Thessalonians 5:4-8; 1 Peter 5:8). The condemnation of addiction does not justify moderate use.

12. 1 Timothy 5:23

Paul is not instructing Timothy to socially drink. The instructions are for medicinal purposes.

It could be that Timothy’s “frequent infirmities” were helped by the drinking of wine. The word for “wine” is oinos. It could refer to alcoholic wine, or mere grape juice. “There are historical testimonies attesting the use of unfermented wine for medical purposes” (Bacchiocchi, p. 57). However, if this is non-alcoholic wine one wonders why Timothy had avoided such?

Another possibility is that the water in the area was causing Timothy’s stomach ailments, and that it is for this reason Paul advises him to use a little wine. Non-fermented grape juice preserved in such a way as to need no rehydrating would have avoided the local water problem. However, some popular methods of preserving the juice did require rehydration. Since it mentions “a little wine”, it seems likely to me, the reference is to the use of alcoholic wine due to a water supply problem. This is to be an exception to Timothy’s normal pattern of abstinence.

Note: There has been much publicity in the news of the health benefits of drinking red wine. These same benefits are found in drinking red grape juice (archives.cnn.com).

Conclusion
Millions have started out believing in drink by moderation, only to find that they become enslaved to the wine. The best course of action is found in the words, “Do not look on the wine when it is red, when it sparkles in the cup, when it swirls around smoothly; at the last it bites like a serpent and stings like a viper” (Proverbs 23:31-32). Avoiding such, except for medicinal usage, is a way which is right and cannot be wrong.

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Ethics: Body and Brain I

Posted on March 25, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

God has given each of us just one body, and one brain.  We can wisely use or abuse what He has given us.  We can choose to be good stewards or squanderers of His gift of life.  We are not our own, but belong to Him (Ezekiel 18:4; Romans 14:7-8; 1 Corinthians 6:19-20).  We should not want to do anything to ourselves which would hinder, or diminish our capacity to serve Him (Mark 12:30).

Tobacco

Tobacco was one of the discoveries European explorers found in the Americas in the 16th century.  Native Americans “believed it to possess medical properties, which was the main reason for its introduction into Europe” (Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 18, p. 464, c. 1979).

Today, tobacco use is listed as the number one preventable cause of death (www.healthhabits,ca/2009/05/05/the-top-12 preventable causes of death/).  About 20% of all deaths in the USA are attributed to smoking related diseases (ibid).  Smokers expose their family members to at least 50 known carcinogens (www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/tobacco/ETS).  Chewing tobacco makes one 6 times more likely to develop cancer of the oral cavity and hypopharnyx (Charles L. Jarrett, M.D., 1987, Memphis School of Preaching Lectureship, p. 195).

A Christian by the name of Gene Williams once told me to warn the young against starting this habit.  He would go out to visit, or door knock with me.  He would not be out long before he had to say, “take me home.”  He was on oxygen due to a long history of smoking.  He had stopped but the effects were still there.  He felt that he could have done much more for the cause of Christ, if he had never started the habit of smoking.  It had limited what he could physically do.

  Marijuana

 The hemp plant is useful.  Hemp can be made into rope, among the best in the world.  The Chinese used the plant for medical purposes 4,000 years ago.  It may have some medical value for pain relief, and increased appetite.  There is a pill form, marinol, which may give the same benefits without the “high” associated with smoking.

Some think marijuana is harmless.  It is not.  Smoking it has many of the same respiratory and other issues that smoking tobacco does (www.cancer.org).  Some have written that one marijuana cigarette has the same affect as twenty-two tobacco cigarettes (Andy Kizer, The Bible, Your Body and Drugs, p. 31).  “It affects reading, math and verbal skills making it harder for young users to learn.  It can also affect the physical and sexual growth of young users who have not reached maturity” (ibid).

Other Drugs

The Coca leaf was one chewed by the natives of Peru much to the effect as we might get from coffee.  However, such has been refined.  Cocaine and crack are very addictive, and very dangerous.  I once knew a man named Scott, who was a millionaire.  He was hooked on crack.  He blew his money.  He stole from his own family.  He eventually was reduced to living the life of a homeless man.  Lynn Bias was highly drafted by the Boston Celtics in 1986.  Hours later, he was dead from heart failure after partying with cocaine.

Opium is derived from the poppy plant.  Its benefits as a painkiller have been long known.  Alexander the Great was introduced to such medical benefits in Afghanistan.  The Chinese fought two wars against the British in the 1800’s trying to keep the British from selling Opium to the Chinese people.  Many Chinese became addicts.  The Chinese lost both of these wars, and had to give up Hong Kong to the British.  Today, morphine, codeine, and Heroin are all products of Opium.  Yes, these drugs have been used medically.  Heroin is not used in this country medically.  These drugs are highly addictive.  They can be deadly.  In the year 1969, in New York City, more 15 – 35 year olds died of Heroin than any other single cause (www.time/magazine).

The effects of Meth are shocking.  Google “faces of meth”.  Look at the mug shots of those arrested over time.  Watch the deterioration.  It’s one of the saddest things you’ll ever see.  In two years, they seem to age 40 years.

LSD and other hallucinogens leave the user in a state unable to discern reality clearly.  We have all heard the reports of those who have died in this state.

Other Drugs (legal)

It is not just illegal drugs which can be destructive.  Legal drugs can be abused as well.  Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson both died from legal drug abuse.  Rush Limbaugh’s hearing loss is related to his abuse of Vicoden and Oxycontin.  He will never be the same again.

Many people abuse otherwise legal substances to get high.  They sniff petro-chemicals, antifreeze, transmission fluid, shoe polish, turpentine, paint thinner, insecticide, cooking spray, spray paint, felt-tip markers, etc.  This is criminal activity.  This is dangerous activity.

Food

Food is different from the aforementioned things.  We must eat to live.

However, many in America eat too much.  The third leading cause of preventable death is being overweight or obese (www. healthhabits.ca/2009/05/05/the-top-12 preventablecausesofdeath).  Two out of three Americans are either overweight or obese (the difference in these terms concern BMI).  In the last forty-two years, the average male has increased in weight by twenty-five pounds, and the average female has increased by twenty-four pounds (www.usgovinfo.about.com/ad/healthcare/a/tallbutfat.htm).

Others are starving themselves to death.  Anorexia affects 2.5 million Americans (Newsweek, Dec. 5, 2005, p. 52).  It is defined as a body weight of less than 85 % of normal.  The singer Karen Carpenter died of this.  Her heart failed as a result of this eating disorder in 1983.  Some have an unrealistic expectation and this drives them to destructive behavior (anorexia, anabolic steroid abuse etc.).  Women see the magazine cover featuring a model 5’11”, 120 lbs.  The problem is the average American woman is 5’4″, 163 lbs.  Men see the star athlete, 6’3″ 240 lbs.  The average man in America is 5’9”, 191 lbs.  (www.usgovinfo.about.com/od/healthcare/a/tallbutfat.htm).

Guidelines

1.  Remember that we belong to God (Ezekiel 18:4; Romans 14:7-8; 1 Corinthians 6:19-20).

2.  Remember our purpose.  We are here to glorify God (Matthew 5:16; 1 Corinthians 6:19-20; 10:31).

3.  We should avoid things which hinder, or diminish our capacity to serve Him (Mark 12:30).

4.  We should avoid things which cloud the mind (1 Thessalonians 5:5-8; 1 Peter 5:8; Proverbs 31:4-5).

5.  We should avoid things which enslave (1 Corinthians 7:21-23; 6:12).

6.  Understand that intoxicants do not solve problems, but often multiply problems (Proverbs 23:29-35; Habakkuk 2:15).

7.  Parents need to be parents.  They need to set the proper example (Romans 2:21; 1 Corinthians 11:1; 1 Timothy 4:12).  They need to be involved in their children’s lives (Deuteronomy 6:4-9; Proverbs 29:15; Ephesians 6:4; Titus 2:4-5).

8.  Respect of laws needs to be taught and practiced (Romans 13:1-ff; Titus 3:1-ff; 1 Peter 2:13-17).

9.  Sometimes, young people turn to drugs because they want to “fit in”. Sometimes adults turn to drugs because they are a part of the wrong crowd, or because they are having a difficult time dealing with life.  As a church, let us be lovingly involved in one another’s lives (Romans 12:15).

10.  Yes, we should care for the body.  However, something is even more important (1 Timothy 4:8).  Let us especially give attention to the inward man (1 Peter 3:1-ff).  Let us understand what true lasting beauty is (Proverbs 31:30; 1 Peter 3:1-ff).

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Ethics: Labor and Lucre (part II)

Posted on March 23, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

Gambling (aka Gaming) is legal, in some form, in 48 of 50 states. Utah and Hawaii are exceptions. However, Hawaii has a bill gaining momentum which would legalize such.

Gambling is nothing new. Antiquities speaks of such. Hundreds of years before Christ walked the earth, men were gambling. Homer (c. 9th century B.C.), Herodotus (c. 5th century B.C.) and Aristotle (4th century B.C.) spoke of such. It was known in ancient Babylon, Egypt, Crete, Greece, and Rome (see Garland Elkins, Robert R. Taylor Jr., Gambling: National Pastime to Prosperity or Sure Bet to Poverty and Perdition; Don Walker, Gambling is Immoral, 2005 Contending For the Faith lectureship).

How should a Christian view this subject? Are there any Biblical principles to consider when contemplating this issue?

Definition
Some define “gambling” to mean anything involving “chance” or “risk”. Most of us use the term “gamble” in such a way in every day conversation. If we use the term in this way, then – farming, investing, marriage, and really all of life may be considered gambling. Let it be pointed out that the Bible does not condemn risk taking (see Proverbs 31:16; Matthew 13:3-8; Matthew 25:14-30; James 5:7).

When one thinks of dog tracks, horse tracks, casinos, and the like the above definition seems inadequate. We’re not speaking of the kind of risk a farmer takes by planting seed, or a person takes in crossing a street. The gambling we’re speaking of involves the following components: (1) the artificial creation of a risk of losing one’s own possession; (2) an attempt through chance to gain the possession of another; (3) the giving of no equivalent in return (cf the farmer who produces food needful of society).

Unwise
Multitudes of Americans have money problems. Money problems can occur for a variety of reasons: (1) laziness (Proverbs 10:4; 19:15; 22:13; 24:30-34); (2) wastefulness (Proverbs 12:27; 19:24; 21:20); (3) living the high life (Proverbs 21:17 cf. Luke 15); (4) running with the wrong crowd (Proverbs 23:20-21); (5) abuse of credit (Proverbs 6:1-5; 11:15; 17:18; 22:7); (6) lack of preparation for the future (Proverbs 30:25); (7) Issues beyond one’s control (book of Job). More than half of working Americans have less than two months emergency reserve (Dr. Frank Luntz, What Americans Really Want… Really, p. 53).

Gambling is far from a wise use of one’s hard-earned money. The odds of a person dying in a car crash are 6000:1. The odds of a person dying in an airplane crash 500,000:1. The odds of a person being killed by a shark 1,000,000:1. The odds of being struck by lightning 2,000,000:1. The odds of winning the average state lotto are 5,000,000:1 (source: US News and World Report, Nov. 21, 1989).

Gambling tends to attract those who have the least. A Texas A&M study found that the lowest income group in the State of Texas, those who earn just two percent of the state’s total income, provided ten percent of the lottery’s revenue (Crystal Humphress, Survey shows poor lose more to Lottery, Dallas Morning News, March 10, 1994). Similar reports can be found in other states (see http://www.casinofree phila.org/research/gamblingandpoor).

Principles

1. All that we have ultimately belongs to God (Psalms 24:1; 50:10-12; Ezekiel 18:4). We are stewards (Matthew 25:14-30; Luke 19:11-27).

2. Man is to use the money he has to: (a) support self (2 Thessalonians 3:10); (b) support family (1 Timothy 5:4, 8, 16; 2 Corinthians 12:14); (c) meet financial obligations (Psalm 37:21; Proverbs 6:1-5; Romans 13:8; James 5:4); (d) pay taxes (Matthew 17:24-27; 22:15-21; Rom. 13:1-7); (e) be benevolent (Luke 10:25-27; Acts 11:27-30; Ephesians 4:28; 1 Timothy 6:17-18; 1 John 3:16-18); (f) support the work of the church (1 Corinthians 9:1-11; 16:1-2; 2 Corinthians 8-9; 11:8-9; Galatians 6:6; 1 Timothy 5:3, 16, 17-18; 3 John 5-8). Man should be careful not to hurt his ability to do these things. The destructive impact that gambling has had on some families is well documented (Read “Kathy’s Story” and “Horror Stories” at oagaa.org).

3. We are to have authority for what we do (Colossians 3:17, etc). The scriptures speak of six ways of transferring wealth or valuables from one person to another: (a) one can work, or employ another’s work (Matthew 10:9-10; Acts 18:3; 20:33-34; Ephesians 4:28; 1 Thessalonians 2:9; 2 Thessalonians 3:7-8; 1 Timothy 5:17-18; James 5:1-5). (b) One can buy and sell goods (Proverbs 31:16, 24; Matthew 13:45-46; Acts 2:45; 4:34; 5:4; 16:14; James 4:13-15). (c) One can engage in banking transactions (Matthew 25:27; Luke 19:23; cf. Deuteronomy 23:19-20). (d) One can give (Luke 10:33-35; Acts 2:44-45; 4:34-37; 5:1-11; 20:35; Ephesians 4:28; 2 Corinthians 8-9; 1 Timothy 5:3-4, 8,16; 1 John 3:16-18). (e) One to pay required taxes to the government (Matthew 17:24-27; 22:15-21; Romans 13:1-7). (f) One can leave an inheritance (Genesis 25:1-6; Deuteronomy 21:15-17; Proverbs 13:22; Luke 15:11-12; 2 Corinthians 12:14). These six ways are approved. However, gambling, as we’ve defined it, is not authorized.

4. Gambling is an effort to bypass the need for work and productivity. God has always expected man to work (Genesis 3:17-19, 23; 4:2; Exodus 20:9-11; Deuteronomy 5:13-14; Acts 20:34-35; Ephesians 4:28; 1 Thessalonians 4:11-12; 2 Thessalonians 3:7-15).

5. The very nature of one on one gambling is contrary to the Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12). One wants self to profit off the other’s loss.

Objections
1. Gambling is done by mutual consent, therefore, it can’t be wrong.

Need I remind you that fornication, adultery, homosexuality, and prostitution all involve mutual consent?

2. The Bible doesn’t explicitly condemn it.

True, but where is it authorized. There are principles which should be considered.

3. All of life is a gamble.

Risk is only one part of the definition (see definition provided earlier). Dave Miller provided this thought, “If you walk across a busy intersection blindfolded during rush hour, you are creating artificial risk and gambling with your life in an effort to receive cheap thrills. If, on the other hand, you cross a main intersection with the light looking both ways and obeying the law, you are not gambling with your life, though you would be facing some measure of risk associated with normal living” (Miller, Piloting the Strait, p.357).

4. It is just like farming or investing.

The farmer plants a crop. Natural risk is involved (not artificially created risk, reckless risk). The aim is not to get something for nothing. He produces something. His gain does not necessarily mean another’s loss.

The investor puts his money into a business. The business produces goods or services. These goods or services are purchased by consumers. Neither the buyer or seller is after something for nothing. One’s gain does not mean the others loss.

5. It is for a good cause.

Many schools, PTOs, youth sports leagues, charity organizations, and churches (though, this brings up an issue beyond our current study concerning how churches should raise money) are now selling raffle tickets. It is a very popular form of fund-raising.

Don’t people just buy tickets to be charitable? I don’t think so. I have set through PTO meetings, youth sports league meetings, civic club meetings. I have heard great discussion about which items should be raffled, which items would bring in the most money. I think many buy the ticket wanting to win the big prize (getting the gun, or TV, or quilt, or new car, or vacation for nearly nothing).

Suggestion: If it is a good cause you want to support, why not just donate the money and skip the raffle ticket?

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Ethics: Labor and Lucre (Part I)

Posted on March 20, 2013 by Bryan Hodge

Work may be a four-letter word but it should not be considered a bad word. When God made things, He made them “very good” (Genesis 1:31). It was according to this “very good” design for man to work (Genesis 2:15, 18). The human body was designed for work. Dr. Alexander MacAlister, a former professor of Anatomy at Cambridge University, stated, “man’s body is a machine formed for doing work” (Wayne Jackson, The Human Body: Accident or Design, p. 21, quoting from MacAlister’s Living Papers, Vol. VII). The human brain benefits from being employed. Man thrives on challenges. One man has commented, “Thank God every morning when you get up that you have something to do which must be done, whether you like it or not. Being forced to work, and forced to do your best, will breed in you temperance, self-control, diligence, strength of will, content, and a hundred other virtues which the idle never know” (Charles Kingsley, The All-American Quote Book, p. 326). Remember: idleness is the devil’s workshop.

Some have mistakenly thought work to be a curse (cf. Genesis 3:17-19). It is not. True, work has become more difficult since our great, great… grandparents, Adam and Eve, were driven from Eden (Genesis 3:17-19, 23). However, even in Eden there was work to be done. “The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to tend (dress KJV, work ESV) and keep it” (Genesis 2:15 NKJV). Woman was man’s “help meet” [(Gen. 2:18 KVJ) That is: she was a “helper comparable to him” (NKJV); “a helper fit for him” (ESV)].

God has always expected man to work. This was true under the Patriarchal system (Genesis 3:17-19, 23; 4:2). This was the case under the Mosaic system (Exodus 20:9-11; Deuteronomy 5:13-14). This is still what He expects (Acts 20:34-35; Ephesians 4:28; 1 Thessalonians 4:11-12; 2 Thesalonians 3:7-15).

The Bible has much to say about work and money. The Bible mentions prayer in 400 places, but it mentions money in over 2000 (Stephen Arterburn, Winning, at Work Without Losing at Love, p. 144). One-third of the parables and one-sixth of the Gospel accounts (Mt., Mk., Lk., Jn.) speak of man and money (Dabney Phillips, The Restorer, July, 1981). God cares about your work ethic and how you use money.

Principles

1. God wants us to provide for ourselves. We’re taught, “If anyone will not work, neither shall he eat” (2 Thessalonians 3:10), and “If anyone does not provide for his own, and especially for those of his own household, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever” (1 Timothy 5:8).

The Bible is filled with examples of working men [Moses (Exodus 3:1); Gideon (Judges 6:11); David (1 Samuel 16:11; 17:15; 34-35). Elisha (1 Kings 19:19); Jesus (Mark 6:3); Peter, Andrew, James, and John (Mark 1:16-20; Luke 5:1-11); Paul (Acts 20:34), and Aquilla (Acts 18:1-3)]. It is also filled with examples of working women [The virtuous women (Proverbs 31:13-16, 18-19, 21, 24); Rebekah (Genesis 24:12-16); Rachael (Genesis 29:9); Zipporah (Exodus 2:16-21); Priscilla (Acts 18:1-3); Lydia (Acts 16:14)]. God does not want us to be lazy.

Think of the difference in attitude: There are those blind or missing limbs who work to provide for themselves. Then, there are those who claim not to be capable of work, yet they seem to be able to do whatever they want to do. Let us have the attitude that we’ll work and provide for our own as long as we possibly can.

2. We should give our best effort. Solomon said, “Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with all your might” (Ecclesiastes 9:10). The New Testament teaches, “Whatever you do, do it heartily” (Colossians 3:23).

The world is filled with lazy workers, workers who give half an effort. Many only work when the supervisor is watching (Notice the word “eyeservice”: Ephesians 6:6-7; Colossians 3:22). If members of the church so conduct themselves, the church may receive a bad reputation (cf. 1 Timothy 6:17 cf. Titus 2:9-10).

Christians should be the best employees that any could hire. Like Ford, our motto should be “Quality is Job 1”. It is possible that a good work ethic will bring glory to the cause of Christ [1 Peter 2:12-ff: Notice that (a) good citizenship (2:13-17); (b) good work ethic (2:18-25) (c) good home life (3:1-7) follow the words, “having your conduct honorable among the gentiles, that … they may, by your good works which they observe, glorify God in the day of visitation” (2:12)].

3. We should remember that it is ultimately God for whom we work. We are “doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men” (Ephesians 5:5-6). “Whatever you do, do it heartily, as to the Lord and not to men” (Colossians 3:23).

This is a point that helps when dealing with supervisors who are not personally likeable. It is God not man that we ultimately serve.

4. God knows what we do, and He will repay.

In this life, sometimes our work goes unnoticed. Our efforts are unappreciated. We don’t get credit for what we do.

However, God will repay. “Whatever good anyone does, he will receive the same from the Lord” (Ephesians 6:8). “Whatever you do, do it heartily, as to the lord and not to men knowing that from the Lord you will receive the reward of inheritance; for you serve the Lord Christ” (Colossians 3:23-24).

5. We should not forget what is truly important. Though, we labor in this life, this world is not our eternal home. There are things more valuable than silver and gold (Psalm 19:7-11; Mark 8:36-37; 1 Peter 1:7). There are things more important than earthly necessities (Job 23:12; Psalms 19:10; 119:103; John 6:27). Earthly things will not last (Matthew 6:19-21; 1 John 2:15-17).

6. We should not allow earthly riches to create within us a haughty spirit or trust in the wrong things (1 Timothy 6:17).

7. Take time for God.

Some get so busy in their lives that they have no time for studying God’s word. They take no time for worship. They do no personal evangelism. They are too busy.

Consider the words of Exodus 34:21: “Six days you shall work, but on the seventh day you shall rest; in plowing time and in harvest you shall rest.” The wording specifies that even during the busiest times of the year they were to keep the Sabbath. No, Sunday is not a “Christian Sabbath”. Work itself and the “picking up of sticks” is not prohibited on the first day of the week. However, the point is shouldn’t we be just as determined to set aside time to worship as they were to keep the Sabbath? Think about it. God didn’t accept their excuse of being too busy.

Note: I have found generally speaking if one is up front with a potential employer about the need to be able to attend the assembly, most will work with you.

8. Never take a job which brings reproach on the cause of Christ. We should not employ ourselves in immoral causes. We should not employ ourselves in things which cause people to stumble (Luke 17:1-2).

9. Employers and supervisors should be just and fair in dealing with employees (Ephesians 6:9; Colossians 4:1). Wages promised should be paid (James 5:4; Leviticus 19:13; Deuteronomy 24:14-15; Jeremiah 22:13). Judgment is coming (Ephesians 6:8-9; Colossians 3:24-4:1).

Use your work as an opportunity to positively influence others. One of the greatest men I’ve known, John David Wright, owned an excavation company. He used the job site as an opportunity to win souls and influence people. He did this by his example. He did this by making bulletins, sermon tapes, books and materials available to employees who showed interest in spiritual matters. He reached multitudes this way.

10. Use your income to: (a) support self (2 Thessalonians 3:10); (b) support family (1 Timothy 5:4, 8, 16; 2 Corinthians 12:14); (c) meet financial obligations (Psalm 37:21; Proverbs 6:1-5; James 5:4); (d) pay taxes (Matthew 17:24-27; 22:15-21; Romans 13:1-7); (e) be benevolent (Luke 10:25-37; Acts 11:27-30; Ephesians 4:28; 1 Timothy 6:17-18; 1 John 3:16-18); (f) support the work of the church (1 Corinthians 9:1-11; 16:1-2; 2 Corinthians 8-9; 11:8-9; Galatians 6:6; 1 Timothy 5:3, 16; 5:17-18; 3 John 5-8).

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